Material Science Essay Example for Free

Material Science EssayAbstractIn this assignment I will be defining the 3 essential properties of either material and describing those. I would also be describing how silicon-based semiconductors revolutionized computing. I will also define what microchips be and how they relate to comprise circuits. Since the pressing questions about the increasing ability of computers to quickly process large amounts of information is whether a computer can be built that is considered alive or conscious. I will also be defining artificial intelligence and telling the difference between the human brain and the central processing unit of measurement of a computer. Material ScienceThere are three essential properties of every material that scientists use as a foundation for most every study. First it is the kind of atoms that is made up from the material. There are the neutral elements and the compound elements. The neutral elements would have the identical amount of protons and electrons this would essentially terminate wholeness an opposite, which would leave the protons and electrons neutral. The compound element is when there is a combination of more than one element. The atoms are second in the way that they are arranged.A capacious way to explain this is by relating atoms of liquid and atoms of solids. For example the atoms of liquids move around allowing the atoms of solids which are packed together. The way that atoms are attached together is number three. These are the key properties when understanding the study of materials. The strong point of the material, this is the capability to endure forces being useful to it without breaking, this is first. The materials elasticity is second, which is the capability to flex go returning to its fender form. Number three is the materials plasticity this is the ability to adjustment its shape forever.Thanks to the starter of semiconductors, computers have developed over a billion times quick than one of the first bui lt in 1946 (ENIAC). Describe how silicon-based semiconductors revolutionized computing. Since silicone polymer semiconductors are capable to move easily through the solid component it is more unspoiled than copper based conductors. Silicone based conductors makes holes which produces and fills a space constantly. This means electrons jump from one atom to another. This will also change the silicon through a process called doping by adding either phosphorus or aluminum the desired effect is achieved. When adding phosphorus to silicon it develops n-type which is negative-semiconductor. When adding aluminum to silicone it develops p-type semiconductors.These are both essential parts functions efficient electrical devices microchips, which are used in computers. Microchips are positive and negative type semiconductors. Microchips do a detailed function. A microchip is individual diodes and transistors will play a big part of the essential function in modern electronics, although these strategies have been mainly replaced by much more complex arrays of P- and N- kind semiconductors, known as microchips. Microchips may join hundreds or thousands of transistors in one integrated circuit, particularly think to do a specific role. They are related to integrated circuits this is why. Combined circuits (microchips) are the main component in devices such as microwave calculators, and other devices. An integrated circuit microprocessor lies on modern technology.Modern technology is occupied with electrical integrated circuits. Such as, Televisions, MP3 players and computers all contain integrated circuit which allows them to complete specific functions. Also known as microchips or microprocessors, these circuits keep track of all the information being transferred within the device, in essence giving it life. hole Kilby and Robert Noyce are both who take credit with inventing the integrated circuit, both coming up with the idea within a year of each other while workin g for separate companies. Artificial Intelligence is a division of science which deals with helping machines and finds explanations to complex problems in a more human like manner. This normally contains borrowing features from human intelligence, and applying them as procedures in a computer friendly way.A more or less well-organized approach can be taken depending on the necessities recognized, which impacts how artificial the intelligent performance seems. (http//ai-depot.com/Intro.html) The 2 essential differences between human brains and the central processing unit of a computer is the brain-computer metaphor has served quick psychology well, research in intellectual neuroscience has revealed many significant changes between brains and computers. Escalating these differences may be crucial to understanding the mechanisms of neural information processing, and eventually for the worldly concern of artificial intelligence. (http//scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/03/ 27/why-the-brain-is-not-like-a-co/) One difference is that brains are analogue and computers are digital.For instance one of the primary devices of information communication appears to be the amount at which neurons fire a fundamentally unbroken variable. Likewise, networks of neurons can fire in relative synchrony or in relative confusion the coherence affects the forte of the signals received by downstream neurons. Lastly, inside each and every neuron is a leaky integrator circuit, composed of a diversity of ion channels and interminably changing membrane potentials. (http//scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/03/27/why-the-brain-is-not-like-a-co/) Another difference is short-term computer memory is not like RAM.While the superficial similarities between RAM and short-term memory encouraged many early intellectual psychologists, a closer examination reveals strikingly important differences. Although RAM and short-term memory both seem to necessary power, short-term seem s to hold only to long-term memory however. RAM holds data that is Isomorphic which is having similar appearance but different ancestry. Not like RAM, the substance limit of short-term memory is not fixed, the capacity of short-term memory seems to vary with differences in processing speed as well as with expertness and understanding. (http//scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/03/27/why-the-brain-is-not-like-a-co/)

Rush Hour Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay

Rush min Movie Analysis Film Studies EssayRush minute of arc, directed by Brett Ratner one of Hollywoods most victoryful directors stars Jackie Chan and Chris play out. It achieved commercial success and became the 7th top grossing mental picture of 1998. The plot of the picture show centers on the kidnapping of the daughter of the Chinese Consol. Inspector Lee, played by Jackie Chan, is called to assist in the investigation because it is believed that the mysterious Crime Lord Juntao is behind the kidnapping. Lee finds himself paired with Detective James Carter of the Los Angeles Police Department, played by Chris work over. They gradually learn to work in concert and be able to reunite the family as well as discover the identity of Juntao. Rush Hour disrupts Hollywoods racial hierarchy by removing white floriculture and focusing on Asiatic American and African American culture. The film is able to break down the boundaries between races and change hierarchies, that the enjoyment of many racial ideologies that are integrated within the dialogue and scenes, prove that the jokes influence the listening to reify their own racial beliefs. The film gained positive reviews about Tuckers comedic feat and how Chan and Tucker work very well together. This fact supports my thesis of how race-based body fluid naturalizes racial differences, so the earreach is more than likely to focus on the true aspects of a stereotype sort of than challenge the exaggerated depicting. The positive reception proves that there is a paradox between racial representations and widespread approval and acceptance. The pic targets teenagers and adults because they have preconceived fancys about different racial groups. Without these conceptions, the film would not be able to garner laughter further rather offense.Rush Hour 2, directed by Brett Ratner one of Hollywoods most successful directors stars Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker. It received high box-office revenues a nd is considered one of the highest grossing martial arts films of all time. This sequel to the 1998 film Rush Hour follows Inspector Lee, played by Chan, and Los Angeles Police Detective James Carter, played by Tucker, and the adventures that they have. Carter is on vacation visiting Lee in Hong Kong, but they short find themselves implicated in a scandal that involves counterfeit money, which brings them from Hong Kong to Los Angeles and then finally to Las Vegas. Although this movie is a comedic action film, it challenges typical Hollywood films by feature two minorities. While minorities have traditionally been casted in the roles of a sidekick or villain, Chan and Tucker are the main protagonists. By challenging the popular notion that the leading role features an individual from the dominant white race, Rush Hour 2 proposes the possibility of a cross-racial bonding between an Asian and an African American. Chan and Tucker both embody the stereotype of their particular race C han is a serious Asian man moreover extremely skilled in Kung Fu, while Tucker is a tall African American who acts childish and seems very impulsive. To the everyday viewer, this movie serves as an entertaining buffoonery, but for such representations of race to be humorous, the earshot must unconsciously accept or believe the stereotypes to be somewhat true. Thus, supporting my thesis that besides entertainment, the movie proves that race in comedy generalizes and influences raft to accept racially defined characteristics. The movie targets teenagers and adults because it implies that a previous understanding of stereotypes is needed for the jokes to make sense and have their intended response, which is laughter.This scholarly article, written by Sheng-mei Ma professor at Michigan State University who specializes in Asian American studies and East-West comparative studies documents the start of the phenomenon of pairing an Asian martial artist with an African American comedia n. Ma provides a historical context to movies such as the Rush Hour series, which combine yellow kung fu and sick jokes (241). He begins by noting that the musical genre of kung fu was introduced to the West by Bruce Lee. Although there was no prominence on black jokes in earlier kung fu films that starred Lee, The Last Dragon marks the development of racial depictions. In this film a young African American bows, meditates, and wears the stereotypical Chinese dress (240). The Asian Americans, on the other hand, take on black dialect and body rhythm (240). Ma considers the joining of yellow kung fu and black jokes a marriage of convenience for box office profit in which the unexclusive supports this collaboration. Films such as Rush Hour contain jokes that include the common prevailing notions of Asians and blacks in American mass media, which would render yellow yellower and black blacker. However, this ridiculous couple is able to blend with each other, creating a racial hybrid ity. Rush Hour focuses on the relationship between the Asian and African American stars therefore, the film offers the likelihood of cross-racial identification. The article provides film theorists and scholars with new understandings of race-based comedy. Mas writings reinforce my thesis for the buddy-cop genre has a history of interracial partnerships where race is explicitly shown. Thus, besides corroboratory racial differences, such performances further hybridize todays multicultural society.This expository piece, written by LeiLani Nishime Assistant Professor in the Department of Communications at the University of uppercase who specializes in multiracial and interracial studies, Asian American media representations, and Asian American sub cultural production analyzes the history of Asian American and African American relations. The chapter explains how Rush Hour breaks the general conventions of a buddy-cop film and defies the norms of Hollywood film and generic character stereotype. She utilizes the film Rush Hour as an example for its portrayal of race relations with its removal of the white male person character. By including Chan as well as Tucker, the film appeals to a wider range of audiences. The purpose is primarily to inform, but it also encourages the reader to examine certain films for comedic relief as well as social and cultural commentary. Rush Hour is a comedy yet it helps the audience to notice the concept of racial power. In most buddy-cop films, there is always someone in control and someone who is simply the follower. The white male will never be the buddy but with Chan and Tucker, they are almost equals. Nishime is most likely targeting Asian Americans because for an Asian American, America is characterized by both African American and Euro-American society. Rush Hour offers a vision of cross-racial identification and the idea of hybrid identities for there is a convergence of culture in music and film (48). This builds upon my th esis in that besides an acceptance of racially defined differences, race-based humor can provide a possible changing of racial hierarchy and the call into question of racial tolerance. Such a composition is more geared towards academia instead of garnering attention from the general public because it provides background information about Asian/Black relations, applies elevated language, and creates a possibility of a future state of relations.This research article, written by Ji Hoon Park Assistant Professor in Communication at Hope College who specializes in Asian stereotypes in the media- analyzes the ideological implications of racial stereotyping. The article, which is a result of sociology field of force, explains that though minorities are starring in more mainstream films, a racial hierarchy is still evident. The study included a focus group of whites, black, and Asians in order to analyze subtle reactions and responses to the films implicit stereotypes. Minorities inhabi t to inhibit negative stereotypes but the contradiction that arises is that these stereotypical portrayals have commercial viability. Rush Hour 2 is an example of this incongruity between racism in comedy and widespread popularity. Park discusses how the genre of comedy allows for its audience to make an interpretation of racial jokes as harmless for stereotypes are an important element of comedy in that they help establish specific character classifications that are based on some truth that has been exaggerated. This supports my thesis because I contend that race-based humor influences the audience to not challenge the established assumptions of race. His study supports this belief since the focus group was able to laugh throughout the entire movie. Most participants did not find the humor personally offensive but they do acknowledge that the racial humor has the possibility of becoming prejudiced. In comedy, Park notes that a joke is conceived of as racist based on whether a minor ity is telling it or a white person. Another aspect that creates success for this film is that all races are objects of hoax and bias. Parks conclusion is that racial stereotypes are problematic because realism in the media encourages viewers to incorporate on-screen attitudes and beliefs into the real world (172). The purpose is primarily to inform since the study examines how race is configured within the dialogue. Racial ideology is also embedded in Jackie Chans performance of the racial myth of an Asian man who excels in kung fu but is culturally ignorant as well as Chris Tucker personifying a coon. Furthermore, with the study, it becomes clear that the comedic portrayals of racial traits encourage participants to see the small truths in racial stereotypes rather than dispute these distortions. It does prompt the audience to consider that when viewing a comedy, critical analysis is usually absent and this can lead to believe that racial differences are natural and not culturall y created. Park is targeting teenagers and adults because they are able to apply actuality to racial myths and hence find amusement in the satirical portrayals of race. The anticipated audience could also include scholars since this composition was published in the Journal of Communication and scholars will be more interested in learning about the responses of black, white, and Asian viewers and how they make sense of racial differences.

Network Simulation With OPNET Modeler

Network Simulation With OPNET ModelerM.KAMRAN USMANIABSTRACTRouting communications protocol is the key for the quality of modern parley engagement. EIGRP, OSPF and pull up are the dynamic routing protocols being used in the practical lucres to propagate network topology information to the neighboring routers. There have been a large number of static and dynamic routing protocols available but choice of the right protocol for routing is dependent on many parameters critical being network product time, scalability, memory and CPU requirements, security and bandwidth requirement etc.This Assignment uses OPNET mask tool to analyze the performance of stemma and EIGRP comm sole(prenominal) used in IP network.Initially We have Following Network.By Examining the Network we figure out that Red line indicating the Data Rate of 44.736 Mbps amidst network components and only Network connection between capital of the United Kingdom Office and Portsmouth office has Data Rate of 64 Kbps.The Traffic descend between London Office and Bristol_corporate is IP_Traffic Flow having by-line chracteristics draw out Protocol over NetwrokRouting Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance vector dynamic routing protocol that employs the decamp count as a routing metric. RIP is implemented on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its transport protocol. It is assigned the reserved port number 520. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a rails from the source to a destination. The maximum number of permitted hops is 15. Hence a hop count of 16 is considered an infinite distance. This hop number limits the size of networks that RIP may support. RIP selects paths that have the teeny-weenyest hop counts. However, the path may be the slow in the network. RIP is simple and efficient in small networks.First we have to run RIP routing protocol in the network for a simulation period of 600 seconds with selecting following criteriaPat h Selection conviction interpreted for routing convergenceProtocol OverheadPath SelectionFor path selection we get following result with RIP protocolThe IP traffic Flow is from London to Bristol Corporate and due to Low Data rate between London to Portsmouth path as compare to London to Oxford path the RIP protocol follows maximum the low Data rate path which is London Office to Portsmouth, and represent displays information throughput for the combines London to Portsmouth and Portsmouth to Bristol.Time Taken for routing convergenceRIP is distance vector routing protocols, announces its routes in an unsynchronized and unacknowledged manner. This can lead to convergence problems. The graph is showing the time taken for routing convergence of RIP. The convergence time is gamy 6.975 sec thats mean routers are finding it difficult to exchange realm information.Protocol OverheadRIP is a distance vector based protocol selects the best routing path based on a distance metric(the dista nce) and an interface (the vector) , RIP protocols evaluate the best path based ondistance, which can be measured in terms of hops or a combination of metrics calculated to represent a distance value. In this exercise RIP selects London to Portsmouth link and maximum utilization occurs .The usance and convergence data suggests there is some queuing and blocking on the link. For example, the utilisation for the London to Portsmouth link is high i.e 84.629 therefore suggesting the link is suffering from over-utilisation.Queuing/DelayIn the blame to point queuing graph , the London to Portsmouth Link contains queuing delay on average 3.6032 sec , therefore suggesting there is traffic blocking or queuing on the link.The link between London to Portsmouth uses a DS0 (Blue) line of business with a data rate of 64Kbps compared to the other links in the network that use a DS3 cable (Red) with a data rate of 44.736Mbps therefore the combination of the over-utilisation of the London to Port smouth link with the low data rate cable (DS0) has caused traffic queuing or blocking to occur.-Excersise -2 -EIGRP Protocol Over NetwrokEnhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol. It is based on a new route calculation algorithm called the diffuse Update Algorithm (DUAL). It has features of both distance vector and link state protocols. EIGRP metrics are based on reliability, MTU, delay, load, and bandwidth. Delay and bandwidth are thebasic parameters for calculative metricsFirst we have to run EIGRP routing protocol in the network for a simulation period of 600 seconds with selecting following criteriaPath SelectionTime Taken for routing convergenceProtocol OverheadPath SelectionFor path selection we get following result with EIGRP protocolThe IP traffic Flow is from London to Bristol Corporate but as personal line of credit with RIP which selected low data rate path, EIGRP select the path from London to Oxford , Oxford to Birmingh am , and Birmingham to Bristol path to compass the traffic Flow.Time Taken for routing convergenceEIGRP is more efficient as compared to RIP , Graphs are showing the convergence duration very fast 0.0074427 Sec as Compared to RIP which was 6.975 Sec with same scenario.Protocol OverheadAs Compared to RIP , No over utilisation occurs in EIGRP , Utilisation graphs shown above clearly that the utilisation distributed as over path with value for the London to Oxford is 5.5606 , Oxford to Birmingham is 5.5783 and Birmingham to Bristol is 5.5662EIGRP performs split in terms of network convergence, routing traffic, and Ethernet delay.EIGRP has the characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols, has improved network convergence, reduced routing protocol traffic, and slight CPU and RAM utilization compared to RIP protocol.EIGRP has very low usage of network resources during normal operation since only hello packets are transmitted. When a routing table changes, its conv ergence time is short and it reduces bandwidth utilization-Excersise -3 -FAILURE SCENARIOWe introduced a link Failure Scenario between Bristol corporate and Porstmouth Office afterwards 100 Seconds and its recovery at 200 Seconds and run the RIP and EIGRP protocol over network.Following are our Observations with side by side comparison of RIP and EIGRPUtilizationIn the RIP protocol the link failure after 100 sec prevented the traffic to flow therefore when the link recovered after 200 sec a huge amount of traffic was bottlenecked on the link causing the utilisation of the London to Portsmouth to suddenly increase. Also it can be observed that during the time of the failure the RIP protocol began to reroute the traffic over the London to Oxford, Oxford to Birmingham, and Birmingham to Bristol links in front the link recovered the graph is showing this small utilization on the links.In the EIGRP Protocol, link failure event did not affect the utilisation of the EIGRP protocol becaus e the link was not used in the routing path The EIGRP did not use the link Portsmouth to Bristol in its path selection, so the performance of the network will be barely affected by the failure indeed the utilisation values doesnt changeConvergenceIn RIP The Convergence Duration becomes much higher as compare to old scenario before Failure , it was 6.975 before and 19.409 now , this is because routers updates their routing tables when failure occurred and recovered it takes more time period ,In Contrast with EIGRP protocol the Convergence Duration becomes 0.012273 , much less than RIP this is because EIGRP only update the link failure routing table not the whole network , So EIGRP provides much efficient and faster way to achieve convergence.Time Delay of ProtocolMore IP packets drops in RIP as compared to EIGRP because of the failure in link of the path which RIP follows , and as contrast less IP packets drops in EIGRP because it does not follow the path of failure link.-Excersise -4 -Consider the accustomed Network concourse with another network, Picture shown below the merging NetworkThe IP Traffic flows sending traffic from London Office to three destination North-wales Plant, Birmingham Plant and Oxford Office. We defined IP Traffic according to given table.A New Link DS_1 ( Black Line in Picture ) introduced which connects North-wales Plant to London Office via The New Manchester Office.We runs RIP as routing Protocol which gives us Following observationsUtilizationFrom Graph it is clearly showing that utilisation is high for London office to Manchester office and Manchester Office to North WalesBoth are nearly 97 % utilisation which is overutilization and cause serious problems to the network.For London to oxford office and Oxford to Birmingham Plant the utilisation is nearly 13% and 6% this is because of link using high data rate cable DS3 where we get the low utilisation and low data rate comparatively where we get lower data rate cable.DS1 cable has data rate of 1.5Mbps which DS3 has 44.736 MbpsWith this Observation , we come to know that one possible solution is using EIGRP protocol , as EIGRP protocol solve the over utilisation problem from our network.Lets see by running the EIGRP protocols and compare the result of it with RIPThe EIGRP protocol solves the Over utilization problem we have faced in RIP protocol and the resultant graph and comparison is showing this clearly with evenly distributed utilization over selected path by EIGRP.CONCLUSIONS It can be seen that EIGRP compared to RIP performs better in terms of network convergence activity and Routing protocol traffic. EIGRP has the characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols, has improved network convergence, reduced routing protocol traffic, and less CPU and RAM utilization compared to RIPReferencesPerformance Analysis of RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF using OPNET By Don Xu and Ljiljana TrajkoviDynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Decision between E IGRP, OSPF and RIP Based on Technical Background Using OPNET Modeller By Thornier, S.G.

Freudian and Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis Theories

Freudian and Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis TheoriesLiterature ReviewEhren Lee Sze TsengIntroductionIn this assignment, I impart explain the concepts of Psychoanalysis through the thoughts of perspectives of Freud, Jung, Erikson, Adler, and Horney. This review is the study of Freudians, includes altogether Freud, and Neo-Freudians, includes Jung, Erikson, Adler, and Horney, Theory of Psychoanalysis. By using the following 7 journals in my research, I will perform comminuted analysis on these following theoretical concepts. Based on my analysis, I will integrate a simple ground among all of these researches and conclude my final thoughts.Freuds Theory gibe to Jones (1910), rather than a philosopher, Freud is predominantly a domain of science whereas Burrow (1917) defines the term Freud as a genus man of scientific observation. Freud is only observing the fact, from the perspective view of principle of science (Burrow, 1917). As represented by Karl Pearson, in the field of philosophy , Freud is about classified as accepting scientific idealism (Jones 1910). Freud uses the term conscious to indicate the mental awareness processes of a person in any given moment whether if it is clear or unclear view. Jones (1910) justifies Freuds view between conscious and unconscious processes are correlating with one an other(prenominal) at every cheek but exclude the matter of awareness.The part of Freuds psychology I would like to touch on would be regarding the significance of psychosexual trends (Jones, 1910). Freud had long acknowledge that the repression of the libido is resulted in which ego is overemphasized (Burrow, 1917). Freud reasons behind applying the term sexual more broadly even though it is not considered to be of a sexual nature would be because of his experience in psychical manifestations (Jones, 1910). He then justifies that the term sexual isnt because of the definition rather but the significance of the concept. Freud sums up the unconscious desire o f life into conception of sex as the principle of pleasure (Jones, 1910).Jungs TheoryJungs surmisal situation was broader compared to Freud, using primarily scientific empiric research and interests he had adopted He sees nature behind the man struggling to organize itself. The mother, conceived of concretely, disappears, therefore, in the creative instinct, and in the instincts of dependence, from which man must free himself. (Putnam, 1917). According to Putnam (1917), the view of Jung is acceptable and interesting.Jung carries out his analysis in an old fashion conduct. Therefore it is difficult to see how he is able to miscarry distinguishing the value of principles that he had formerly used so extensively lead to a positive result. Jungs hypothesis of a presexual mode which Burrow (1917) had see to it is that the term presexual exist as a mode that is not only lead to the pleasure mode but it is in a general nose out of a continuous sexual mode. Burrow (1917) explains that the consciousness and the unconscious significance of sexual phase are beyond the authors imagination on the absence of this presexual phase concept.Adlers TheoryAlfred Adler studies the issues of the mental disorders with the methodology of various(prenominal) Psychological. This method is relevantly ideal because it serves the purpose of psychoanalysis where it is to bear for individuals purpose of life. Adlers surmisal on individual psychological is able to trace the past and genetic background of a persons life where the plans of activities revolve around the individuals life. Adler intends to avoid his study of individual psychological from over-generalizing the theory.Adlers psychology serves a purpose in his research. some(prenominal) phenomenon that happens is a preparation for an accomplishment at some full point of end. Adlers perception of his theory is where everyone including the healthy or diseased, they live for the purpose to achieve restraint in his own way of thoughts.According to Vaughan (1927), the neurotic is unable to show a single trait in the healthy individual, albeit there are authoritative important traits, such as egotism and anxiety, which are able to determine the characteristic of this type of person based on the expression of intense self-assertion.In Adlerian Theory, the neurotic asserts his independence. Strangely, it is traced back to unsatisfied needs, mans nature of sexual desire. A woman on the other hand, to prevent the submission of sexual intercourse, she will show ignorance and stubbornness. For example, a female patient will display an aggression towards her male psysician, defying his order. The similarities of the neurotic focused around sex as it relates to the achievement and the verify of power. A man whom is sexually impotent, he attempts to control power over other fields. The fundamental concept of power in view, the traits of neurotic fall into the line, shaping a new meaning of a whole.Eriksons The oryAccording to Munley (1975), Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory of human nurture is derived from his life span developmental theory. According to Eriksons theory, an individual has to go through eight developmental stages, which he would have to face and cope with an identity and existential crisis.According to Dunkel (2009), Eriksons theory is regarded to be one of the most influential theories in the human development field. Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is based on the epigenetic principle, which states that development unfolds in a series of predetermined stages, that there is an optimal time for the ascendancy of a stage, and that the resolution of early stages greatly inuences the outcomes of later stages (Dunkel, 2009).In 1950, Erikson has suggested eight psychosocial tasks in his theory. The first stage of his theory is trust versus mistrust. The development of infant leans towards the basic sense of trust when the caretaker is responsive, whereby when they a re not responsive, the infant development is affected in a sense of mistrust. The second stage will be autonomy versus shame. At this stage, an increase of childs mobility enables them to explore their world developing a sense of autonomy it happens only when caretakers is appropriately guiding and restricting the child. The third stage is initiative versus guilt. This stage starts to take notice easily when the child starts supply goals in life, sense of initiative increases with success and praise along with the purpose of strength psychologically. The fourth stage is industry versus inferiority whereby children tends to train and master a certain sets of skills. According to Dunkel (2009), the author states that the fifth stage is considered to be the most important part in Eriksons theory which would be identity versus confusion. It happens during the youthful is facing the developing of self-concept, the identity of oneself. The sixth stage would be intimacy versus isolation. It represents the ability of an adult to share commitment to one another, happens in the form of amorous relationships. Love is gained throughout the sixth stage process of development. The seventh stage is generativity versus stagnation. At this stage, adults are facing the responsibility in being productive and well-shaping the future tense generation, often their offspring. It gains the developmental strength of care. The eighth and last stage is integrity versus despair. This is when during the later part of life, whereby a person reached old age, the person must look back previously on their lives with sense of satisfaction or regret. The psychosocial strength of this development gains wisdom along integrity. All of these stages build up each another and the process of task involves the developmental stage in a profound way.Horneys TheoryDr. Horneys theory on the complex body part of neurotic character relates to the basic features of cultures. Dr. Horneys theory on neuroti c personality focuses on the term anxiety. According to Pullias (1938), Dr. Horney defines and clarifies the term anxiety as the emotional state of childhood manifestation of individual life based on the cultural trend. Dr. Horney defended anxiety as the core concept of the neurotic personality structure. Dr. Horney is criticized for explaining and defending against neurosis with only a single principle which would be anxiety (Pullias, 1938).According to Pullias (1938), the author points out that Dr. Horney not at all be criticized as the contribution of her critical approach to the theories of psychoanalysis, she attempt to relate accurately the neurotic personality to culture the author also explains that she had clearly presented her own theory of neurotic personality structure which contribute to the study of personality.Discussion between the Theory of Freudian and Neo-FreudianAdlers and Jungs concept of theory are much similarly contradicts with Freuds theory. Carl Jungs reje ction of Freuds theory was deemed to be viewed in 2 ways acceptable and pleasant or inexplicable where it is about pointless empty arguments. Freuds point of view was focused while Jungs point of view was broader Jung saw more than what Freud could see in a man. Jung sees a man, well a man while Freud sees man as something which shaped into a man. Jungs says that mans libido is natural whereas Freud says it drives a man.Adler on the other hand, had different perspective from Freud. Adler has avoided over-generalizing his theory of study of individual psychology compared to the teaching of Freudian. Adler opposes the view of Freud on libido being the superpower behind the indication of neurosis. Adler view on neurosis is not the force behind it but the achievement of goal and the control of power. Secondly, Adler represents sex as a symbol in the neurosis by all the efforts is centred. Freud on the other hand, failed because he overlooked the fact that sex is merely a principle of p leasure.Horneys theory is correlation with the Adlerian theory. The term anxiety was present in both theories but Horney focuses and defence the principle of anxiety as the core of neurotic personality. Adlerian theory on neurotic includes egotism and anxiety where the neurotic independence is displayed.Freuds and Eriksons Theory are quite different from each another. Freud focus mainly on the importance of libido while Erikson place more emphasis on the influence of environment and cultural. Eriksons eight stages are linked to one another involving the coherent flow of development that builds up an individual.ConclusionIn a nut shell, regarding each and everyones theory. Regardless of Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson as a Neo-Freudian, no matter what circumstances their theories are derived from Freud. Some of them are focused more in depth of their theory. For example, Horney focuses on her theory on neurotic personality more extensively on the term anxiety. Jung has a broader per spective over Freud. Adler did not over-generalize his determination compare to Freud.I can conclude that Freud being the pioneer of psychoanalysis and they are followed by the surrogate, Neo-Freudian, of the whole Freudian concept. I classified them as the successor of Freudian Theory as they oppose the idea of Freud whereby they have carried out scientific empirical research to back up their theory and a vast perspective on the terms and theory. Freud on the other hand was merely just observing the facts.The concepts of these Psychoanalysts have contributed knowledge to the society. Their findings and research is deemed to be useful for military personnel in their study of their conscious, unconscious and the subconscious mind. This enables us to study the present as well as the past to understand our behaviour.ReferencesBurrow, T. (1917). The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler II. Notes with reference to Freud,Jung and Adler.The Journal Of irregular Psychology,12(3), 161-167. doi10.1037/h0070901Dunkel, C. S., Sefcek, J. A. (2009). Eriksonian lifespan theory and life history theory An integration using the example of identity formation.Review Of General Psychology,13(1), 13-23. doi10.1037/a0013687Jones, E. (1910). Freuds psychology.Psychological Bulletin,7(4), 109-128. doi10.1037/h0075780Munley, P. H. (1975). Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development and vocational behavior.Journal Of Counseling Psychology,22(4), 314-319. doi10.1037/h0076749Pullias, E. V. (1938). Review of The Neurotic Personality of Our Time.Psychological Bulletin,35(6), 399-403. doi10.1037/h0052682Putnam, J. J. (1917). The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler I. The work of Sigmund Freud.The Journal Of Abnormal Psychology,12(3), 145-160. doi10.1037/h0071967Vaughan, W. F. (1927). The psychology of Alfred Adler.The Journal Of Abnormal And friendly Psychology,21(4), 358-371. doi10.1037/h0068938

Foolish Pride in Judith Guests Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

Foolish Pride in Ordinary People   In the defy Ordinary People, the author Judith customer portrays a normal family, living in Lake Forest, struggling with many problems on the inside, unless trying their best to hide their feelings. This book explores the need for everyone to act normal, and ordinary, and regular(a) though everyone in the book had a huge problem eating them from the inside, they didnt want anyone to know something was wrong.   Many characters in the book hid from their problems. By the end of the book most of them managed to get better, but some of them were gone for good. In the book, Conrad struggled with perfection. He tried to be the obedient son, the good student, and eventually everything got to him so such(prenominal), he felt up the only way to escape was to try and kill himself. An obedient boy. Polite, well mannered. Even in the hospital, with his fingernails bitten to bloody half-moons, the dark circles, bloody bruises under h is eyes eer always his behavior was proper (13). Conrad was strung too tight, fortunately by the end of the book he learned to relax, and not to stress too much about everything. Unfortunately this wasnt true for all the characters.   Everyone viewed Conrads mother, Beth, as perfect. Beth always had to have everything organized, neat. She had to be in control. Everything about her on the outside seems perfect. Gracious as always, but Cal knows she doesnt like this. She is wearing a white-knit pantsuit, a long-sleeved black blouse, her hair tied back from her face with a black scarf. She does look gorgeous (64). After her prototypal son Buck died, and her second son Conrad tried to kill himself, she starts to realize that her family is falling apart, but she cant help them. Beth is all about appearance, how she and her family seem to other people. She cant do talking about major problems, even when they involve the people she loves.   Calvin, Conrads father t ries to be helpful to everyone. He is very caring to his son, and tries very hard with his wife Beth. It seems that Cal gives himself away to everyone, making sure his family is ok, but never worried about himself.

The Second Red Scare Essay -- Politics McCarthyism McCarthy

The Second Red ScareThe McCarthy era, which generally spanned from 1947 to 1957, brought to the forefront of American politics the question of civil rights. At issue were controversies about both First Amendment rights to assembly and free speech and Fifth Amendment rights to due process and freedom from self-incrimination. Anti-Communist actions often involved restrictions on these rights, and heading the anti-Communist movement was the House committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). This committee, which consisted of government officials from Congress, was formed to investigate the threat of Communism in America. In doing so, the committee brought in witnesses, usually individuals thought to yield, or to have had, Communist affiliations. The overzealous tendencies of HUAC, however, resulted in the use of bullying and smear tactics in its quest to expose a supposed Communist conspiracy. Coming to the demur of individuals under attack by anti-Communists was the American Civil Li berties Union (ACLU). The ACLUs aim was to champion civil rights, regardless of the ideologies of the groups it defended. Its activities have ranged, for example, from defending the rights of Nazis to protest during the seventies to espousing the abolition of segregated schools in the South during the fifties. In the McCarthy era, the ACLU had its hands full dealing with threats to civil rights that stemmed from anti-Communism. The ACLU, however, was not without its own anti-Communistic sentiments. Indeed, within the ACLU was a electric cell of anti-Communist members that made it difficult at times for the ACLU to take a strong stance for the civil liberties of suspected Communists.This side of the ACLU often gets overlooked, as do the sea captain intentio... ...arvard U.P., 1955. Kazan, Elia. Executive Hearing. Laws and Orders Humanities and the Regulation of Society.Ed. Gail Hart. Boston. Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002 402-408. Parnell, Thomas. Transcripts from Hearing Before the House Committee on Un-AmericanActivities (HUAC). Laws and Orders Humanities and the Regulation of Society. Ed. Gail Hart. Boston. Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002 398-401. Schrecker, Ellen W. Archival Sources for the take of McCarthyism. The Journal of AmericanHistory. 75.1 (June 1988) 197-208. JSTOR. California digital Lib., U of California,Irvine. 11 May 2002 . Walker, Samuel. In Defense of American Liberties a History of the ACLU. New York. OxfordU.P., 1990. JSTOR. California Digital Lib., U of California, Irvine. 13 May 2002.

THE BLACK PRINCE Essay -- Essays Papers

THE BLACK PRINCEEdward was born the eldest son of Edward III, king of England. For most of his life he was write out as Edward of Woodstock, but we know him as the black Prince. He was created duke of Cornwall in 1337, the first duke to be created in England, and prince of Wales in 1343. In 1355, he joined his father in the campaigns of the Hundred age War, as his fathers lieutenant. He established his reputation for valor at the battle of Crcy (1346) for his command of the right wing of the English army. At this time he was only the age of 16. It was probably the French who called him the Black Prince, because he wore black armor. This is assumed because the name was not recorded in England until the 16th century. In 1355 the Black Prince led an expedition into Aquitaine, and in 1356 he defeated and captured John II of France in the battle of . Edward became ruler of the newly created English principality of Aquitaine in 1363. In 1367 he went to the support of the Spanish king an d temporarily restored him to his throne by the victory of Njera. However, the expenses of the wa...