Initial Response Debate On Globalization - 948 Words

Initial response Debate on Globalization 1. In your opinion, is globalization inevitable? Globalization became fact of life and inevitable, we all heard the world became a small village or the globe is shrinking. Even the most conservative countries such as Saudi Arabia or China you can see signs of globalization such as Macdonald or KFC or Four Seasons In Syria; not only that, but Chinese, Indian and Thai food became very popular out west to the point where you will find plenty of fast food such as EDO, Thai express or Mandarin Restaurant chain. Countries can no longer live in silos; most of the countries are open or started to open its door to the world including Iran with their recent peace talk. Another interesting signs of globalization is how communication made people much closer to each other and to their neighbour in the globe. The Arab spring, one incident in Tunisia when Tarek Bouazizi on of the youth set himself on fire protesting the humiliation or the harassment of a police officer in one of Tunisian Souks. This incident fueled the revolution not only in Tunisia, but after the Tunisian people managed to oust their president in January 14, 2011; and through the TV news and media the Egyptian follow suit in the same month and succeeded based on the communications through social media mainly Facebook, four more Arab nations followed the same steps of the Tunisian and the Egyptian revolutions. Another dimension to the globalization can be viewed in the globalShow MoreRelatedNpm And Performance Management Related Literatures1344 Words   |  6 Pagesauthors, scholars and observers from across the world have defined the NPM. Regards to this purpose of dissertation that focused on developing countries, NPM defined as common response to common pressures, which includes public hostility government, shrinking budgets and the imperatives of globalization. Apparently, this common response elaborates into six key components, such as deregulation of management structures; conversion of government departments into freestanding agencies or enterprises; performance-basedRead MoreMark Steyn s Views On The Pursuit Of Truth1590 Words   |  7 Pagesis known to be controversial given the current state of the world without the allowance of any sort of debate. The arguments posed by the young Muslims advocating for Maclean’s to allow for a follow-up article are completely valid, as they are attempting to open up discussion regarding a topic that has continuously created negative and biased claims about their presence in an era of globalization and the government should have recognized that the arguments of Maclean’s and Mark Steyn are not onlyRead MoreThe Age Of Nonpolarity And Foreign Affairs1565 Words   |  7 Pagesseminar paper I will outline the major key points of haass’s article and and presents his arguments. I will also argue that the united states is not decline and conclude by evaluating haass’s article bringing in other theoretical insights into the debate. Although he fails to reference his sources which made it very difficult for me, while doing my research, resources where very limited. From his article Haass asserts that the us dominance of international affairs is becoming increasingly archaicRead MoreMid Term Exam Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesof expansion. The original mental outlook of foreign operations was that they needed to merely be strategic and organized extensions of the domestic business; therefore, traditional motivations reflected that perspective. For example, one of the initial, traditional motivations was the need to secure key supplies. If a company’s resources were domestically scarce and/or costly, the motivation to expend to a country where the resources needed were widespread became a priority. In addition, companiesRead MoreSocial Media Has Become A Political Outlet For Civilians Of The Interconnected World2607 Words   |  11 Pageseconomic justice and were made as a response to the growing concern regarding the Egyptian economy’s tie into the capitalist world market (Haynes, 2013). The Arab Spring was not solely a revolt a gainst authoritarian regimes but also expressions of a crisis caused by the imbalanced social order brought upon by neoliberal policies (Bogaert, 2013). During this time, citizenry relied heavily on social media to spread information and promote insurgent agendas. Globalization and the technological facets ofRead MoreGlobalization and the Northern Territory Intervention2148 Words   |  9 PagesGlobalization, a contested concept among leading theorists in its definition, chronology, and measurement of effects, is almost certainly of a multidimensional nature if such theorists’ perspectives are all taken equally into consideration. The broad phenomenon of globalization can therefore be scrutinised more closely by separation and analysis of individual dimensions, such as its political, economic, cultural and ecological dimensions. This approach, while allowing for a more focused examinationRead MoreTypical Selling Approach And Societal Marketing1449 Words   |  6 Pagesthe p eople of targeted group (William, 2011). This is the general practice of all most all the companies and it is referred to as typical selling. Typical selling approaches has become absolute now as world is changing at a very fast pace. The globalization has created a very strong competitive environment. Therefore now companies have started thinking differently in order to cope up with the competition in the market and corporate sectors. Companies have started switching to societal marketing approachRead MoreAsylum Seekers And Australia s Coast Line Along With Discover1491 Words   |  6 Pagescircumstances, facing by asylum searchers as well as refugees arriving in Australia by boat. For the reason that sophisticated issues adjoining asylum searchers inside Australia tend to increasingly challenged continual alterations on account of globalization along with population movement influence. Introduction There is little doubt that the matter involving refugees or maybe asylum seekers is a world-wide issue. On a yearly basis, millions of people are forced to get away from the households. ThereRead MoreHow Globalization Affects Economy And Culture And Policy3542 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Globalization challenges scholars who advocate a significant developmental function of the state, not so much be restraining the state s proper responsibility. By rewarding meticulous structures, developmental states have concentrated on the central state or have probe state-society relations. Their scrutiny of relations within states provides much room for perfection, and they have only begun to value the potential assistance of local governments in promoting economic developmentRead MoreThe Asian Financial Crisis Of 19972364 Words   |  10 Pagesaffected over ten countries, Thailand’s economy is will first be primarily analyzed prior to the crash because it was the first economy to fall and essentially started the crisis. In retrospect, the complexity of the financial crisis has caused much debate on what actually started the crisis in the first place. In order to address the various positions of the East Asian financial crisis, the works of Charles Kindleberger, Krippne r, and Dani Rodrik are analyzed and compared. While the crisis has many

How The Great Depression Affects The World Economy

Abstract This paper will be discussing the Great Depression; it will analyze the causes and the events that led to this depression, focusing on the role of Keynesian economics during that time. This article will briefly compare the 1920 downturn with the great recession and discuss the possibility of another depression affecting the world economy. The Great Depression The Great Depression was described as the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world. It started in October of 1929 with the crash of the stock market, followed by direct effect on investments and consumer spending, soon the unemployment rates were at all-time high and half of the banking industry had failed. President Franklin Roosevelt had implemented reform measure that helped offset some of the damage, but relief came with the start of World War II in 1939, which jump started the economy ending the Great Depression (Depression, 2009). What were the root causes/events that led to the Great Depression Historians and economists still debate about the reasons behind the great depression, but research reveals some consistent and direct causes: 1- The crash of the stock market in 1929; the signs began earlier in the year when consumer spending dropped which caused an increase in undesired inventory; and so production slowed. At the same time, stock prices reached levels that could not be justified by anticipated future earnings. On October, 24 of 1929, the investorsShow MoreRelatedThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pagesworld’s economy was devastated. With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the economies returned to prosper. With decades of industrialization, population growth and surging economies, the Western World mainly theRead MoreCauses and Effects of The Great Depression in the United States 1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression is a defining moment in time for not only American, but world history. This was a time that caused political, economical, and social unrest. Not only did the Great Depression cause a world wide panic, it also caused a world wide crisis unlike any before it. This paper will analyze both the causes and the effects of the Great Depression in the United States of America. One cause of the depression is the effects of World War One. World War one had many devastating effects onRead MoreThe Great Depression Changed America845 Words   |  4 PagesEssay The Great Depression changed our whole society but not in a bad way. The drop of the stock market gave buyers two choices; work harder to earn their money back or give up. After families lost most of their money they gave up and couldn’t provide for themselves. The Great Depression has majorly affected our current world. The Great Depression had shown how big companies affected America, how much the Executive branches power had grown and how the bank could not always be trusted. The Great DepressionRead MoreThe Great Depression : The Fall Of A Nation1701 Words   |  7 Pages Biondi English II 3 March 2015 The Great Depression: The Fall of a Nation The Great Depression was a hard time for America. The name fits like a glove because it was, in fact a depression. The Great Depression was crucial to American history because it changed every aspect of American life, revealed how big a power America was, and it established multiple government agencies around the world to make sure something like it never happens again. The economy was at a highpoint in 1929. It was easierRead MoreKeynesian Theory And Aggregate Demand1499 Words   |  6 Pages THE KEYNESIAN THEORY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND By Riley Lennon The great depression in the 1930’s devastated the economic market, but also produced two of the greatest economists to ever live, John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich August Hayek. Why did the economist John Maynard Keynes advocate for the government to have an active role with influencing the level of economic activity. This is because Keynes believes that this will stimulate the economic activity and bring the country outRead MoreThe Great Depression Affects The Americans1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the biggest events in the 1920s since it had huge effects both socially and economically.  Starting with the stock market crash, millions of investors were bankrupted and thousands of workers were unemployed. Over the next several years, not only did the consumer spending drop, the number of investment lowered as well. Until 1939, when the President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Relief and reform measures which finally help the economy to r estart. ThroughRead MoreThe Cold War And The International Political Economy1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe International Political Economy in the 1970s The article that is going to be reflected in the following paragraphs attempts to describe the connection between the Cold War and the transfigurations of the political economy throughout that time period. In doing so, the article, â€Å"The Cold War and The International Political Economy in the 1970s†, examines various forms of scholarly literature on the topic. Often times, the Cold War and international political economy are disconnected, but thisRead MoreThe Federal Reserve Is The Central Banking System Of The United States1364 Words   |  6 Pagespart due to the Great Depression, the role the Federal Reserve plays in the economy has evolved into something much more influential. Ben Bernanke, the Federal Reserve chair from 2006-2014, said in a speech in 2002 while he was still just a board member regarding the Federal Reserve’s role in the Great Depression: â€Å"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reser ve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression. You’re rightRead MoreThe Crash Of The Great Depression880 Words   |  4 PagesThe stock market is a big part of the world economy. It reflects the way businesses are doing and it affects almost every American household. When the market is up people are happy, when the market is down people are sad. In nineteen ninety-nine when the stock market crashed the great depression was set in motion. When something like that happens it causes people to wonder, what happened and how do we prevent it from happening again. In the year two thousand there was a book written about the crashRead MoreDepression and Cold War: Two Major Historical Turning Points in the Progressive Era972 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The two major historical turning points in the Progressive Era through the Great Depression onwards were the Depression and the Cold war. The impacts on Americas current society, economy, politics, and culture The great depression that affected major economies originated from the United States in the early 1923 when the stock market had crashed affecting all the sectors of the economy in terms of revenues collected, personal income and profit margins. The rate of unemployment rose to greater

Music Piracy Should It Be Allowed Free Essays

File sharing is when people share files on their computers with other users. This is done across the internet and made possible by peer-to-peer programs. These files can be anything: pictures, text, pornography, movies, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Piracy: Should It Be Allowed? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will be focusing on music. The issue is whether or not music or file-sharing should be legalized. When I first tried Kazaa, I was absolutely amazed. With my family’s terribly slow internet connection, I would download as much music as I could. I would wait patiently, sometimes 30-45 minutes, for a single song to be downloaded. Then, one day we got a ADSL connection and no one could stop me from downloading music. In a rough estimate, I must have downloaded over 30 gigabytes worth of music in the past few years. That’s a lot of music, music that I would not have heard, artists I would have not discovered, if it weren’t for file sharing. But all good things come to an end. After losing legal battles with the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) and related parties, Napster started deteriorating. Filters prevented certain artists from being listed in searches and if you had songs by certain artists on your computer, you would be banned. I once started up Napster only to be greeted with this message: â€Å"YOU HAVE BEEN BANNED BY DR. DRE†. Along with thousands of other people, I stopped using the program. So what was/is the RIAA’s deal? What do they have against file-sharing? The RIAA and many artists feel that peer-to-peer file-sharing is a violation of copyright laws and is hurting music sales. Some artists feel that P2P sharing is, simply, stealing. That they feel this way is okay. However, the way they went about handling the situation is highly debatable. For the most part it shows the lack of vision and understanding the RIAA and some musicians have concerning the future of music. Why are CD sales down? In 2002, there was a 10% decline in record sales. The RIAA blame file-sharing, however, they need to consider the following possibilities†¦ (1) The state of radio. Clear Channel controls around 60% of rock radio. Ever wonder why, no matter what city you travel to, there is always a radio station with the same format as a station back home. According to Professor James Boyle’s, this is an example of Clear Channels â€Å"McDonaldization† of radio. â€Å"Since Clear Channel controls the format and the play lists of the majority of radio stations across the country, the type of music that gets heard becomes limited to what Clear Channel programmers decide to include on play lists†(Boyle’s). If the listeners don’t like what they hear, they won’t buy the music. Would the fact that almost every song on commercial radio is bought and paid for have anything to do with the narrow focus and homogeneous nature of radio? â€Å"What drives radio is advertising and money, not music. A lot of music gets left behind thanks to the current state of radio, that consumers are rejecting it shouldn’t be surprising. They’re creating their own MP3 play lists, and if the labels were smart, they’d be doing everything in their power to be on the play lists of radio stations. Instead, they scream copyright infringement and call their lawyers.† (Boyle’s) The second possibility is price. Music is overly expensive. Sometimes, paying $15 for a CD is just not within people’s budget. What file-sharing has told the recording industry is that a very large number of people are more willing to sit in front of their computer and download music, rather than pay for the ridiculously overpriced alternative. Basic economics tells us that as more alternatives become available, prices drop. The recording industry is trying to resist this. Imagine if new CD’s were only 5 dollars each. Would you buy more music? I certainly would. Of course, this invites the classic argument, presented by John Syner in his essay â€Å"Many Things We Pay for Are Free†: â€Å"Why would people buy something that they can get for free?† There are dozens of companies that sell†¦water. We pay for TV when there is free programming. We buy books, when we borrow them for free at the library. Why would you pay for a song that you could get for free? For the same reason that you will buy a book that you could borrow from the public library or buy a DVD of a movie that you could watch on television or rent for the weekend. Convenience, ease-of-use, selection, ability to find what you want, and for enthusiasts, the sheer pleasure of owning something you treasure. It could be argued that MP3’s are the greatest marketing tool ever to come along for the music industry. If your music is not being downloaded, then you’re in trouble. If you can’t give it away, you certainly can’t sell it. There will always be a market for CD’s because people, especially music collectors, want something tangible. Something with art and liner notes, that they can put on their shelves. I believe the Philosophy of Consumerism fits this topic to a â€Å"T†. Consumerism is the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable. The third and final possibility is that file-sharing is helping the music industry. As I said at the beginning of the essay, file-sharing has allowed me to discover artists that I would not have discovered otherwise. Many times after discovering these new bands/artists I actually did go out and purchase some of their music. Sometimes I went to go see them play live at a local club. But even if I didn’t go out and purchase a bands album, I am still benefiting them by downloading their music. If I like what I hear, they get free word of mouth. How to cite Music Piracy: Should It Be Allowed?, Papers

Network Management In Organizations for Research - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: How to conduct Ethical Research. Answer: Introduction While conducting research, researchers have to be concerned with the well-being of their audience or subjects whose feedbacks outline a major component of the results observed. In fact, researchers have to be aware that the process is more than collecting information and analysing it, they must also cater for the dignity, safety, rights and overall wellbeing of the participants. Now, research will always target a specific group of people or conditions which will always outline a unique set of considerations (Stuart Barnes, 2005). For one, in any environment e.g. ICT, users will always be biased to their opinions and objectives. Therefore, the researcher might decide to conduct their own private investigations to attain trustworthy information. However, in doing so, their ethical conduct should come in play. In most cases, they will be given extensive control and access by an organisation which clearly tests their moral standards. This report highlights research and how they can be e thically conducted more so, in the digital environment so as to yield conclusive and trustworthy results. Ethical Issues Although the ethical concerns or issues outlined in this report transcend all fields in life a modern and technological aspect is considered where research conducted through the digital medium is evaluated. Now, several ethical issues are set to arise during a research, for one, the consent to information will be a major concern. In essence, users must agree to partake in the research itself while they are in their right mind and while they are not being manipulated (Trochim, 2006). Therefore, the ethical issue of intellectual property arises which outlines the importance of informed consents. Secondly, there is the privacy of the users and the information concerned. In most cases, the data or information outlined is confidential in nature and thus should be guided and only revealed to others when the owners give consent. Finally, the security of the information outlined in the research will arise as some of it may hold sensitive details that may affect the legitimate owner (Fouka M antzorou, 2017). Analysis of the Ethical Issues Intellectual Property and Informed Consent Legally, informed consent is a right that can be exercised by anybody based on the legal stipulations given by most legal stipulations seen today. In it, the participants of a research should be informed of all the actions and evaluations that concern their privately owned assets, this includes basic items such as name, age and any other information provided (Buchanan Zimmer, 2016). In todays world, informed consent is outlined as an ethical issue during research when one considers the environments used to conduct the said studies. Consider the internet, which today is the biggest source of information and is regularly used to conduct research. Other than clicking and viewing items online viewers will inherently create their own intellectual property either by establishing accounts or by generating digital avatars that facilitate their operations. Therefore, anybody who creates these avatars or provides any form of confidential information online creates a privately owned property that requires consent if it's used in other third party activities. The same outcome applies to users who post picture and videos. However, as a result of legal outcomes, online companies will nullify the legal rights owned by individual users through the service agreement they provide. Therefore, it falls to the ethics and moral standards of the researcher to follow due diligence to obtain the consent of the property owners, not as a legal requirement but as an ethical consideration. However, this outcome is rarely seen because of the diverse nature of the internet which spans multiple spaces including different cultures (Heidi, McKee Porter, 20 17). Moreover, the researcher will use data sourced from other research that initially failed to get consent thus escalates the ethical problem to subsequent results. Privacy Based on its definition, research should be conducted in a manner that protects the confidentiality of the participants. Privacy, on the other hand, outlines the state of anonymity and seclusion from the public eye. In essence, a person should be able to choose the exposure they get in any aspect of life. Therefore, while conducting research, an act that publicly outlines findings and results, the participants should have control over what is exposed. However, borrowing from the same context seen earlier where the digital world has influenced the availability and distribution of information, the boundaries of confidentiality and privacy are blurred. For one, consider the information stored by organisations today where users from employees to customers will provide information willingly to organisations as a show of trust. Similar outcomes are seen on the internet where users will even participate in surveys using their actual information (Extension, 2017). Now, skip to an independent researcher who sources information from these environments. What stipulations are there to protect the information provided by users who provide it, whether willingly or unwillingly? A good example of this outcome is social media where one can easily obtain opinions and research inputs from participants. While acquiring this information, the researchers should be bound by the codes of conduct where the confidentially of the participants should be maintained. However, due to the social outcomes and norms that are seen today this consideration is never seen due factors such as sharing and enhanced connectivity (Deguzman, 2017). Security Researchers in their duties will inherently ask their participants to trust them with the information they provide. Therefore, the security of the content provided lie with the researcher who in this case has absolute control of the assets at hand. It thus an unethical outcome if the person involved undertakes activities or operations that expose the research material to harm. For instance, storing the results of a study in a publicly accessed system that has minimal security features (Mateti, 2017). Moreover, security as an ethical consideration in research is outlined when ones consider the security threats facing modern systems where hacking and intrusions are a common outcome. While the researcher may follow all ethical considerations to safeguard the data obtained, intruders will have zero ethical considerations which expose the sensitive data owned by willing participants. Evaluation and Justifications of the Ethical Issues In the past, the ethical considerations were simple to outline, where in terms of information consent, participants were adequately informed to meet their individual needs and right requirements. However, with the introduction of the digital world, these considerations have become complex. For instance, internet research has to contend with issues of privately and publicly accessed data as their consent may vary from face to face approvals. Furthermore, consider the cases of copyrights issues and plagiarism outcome where researchers will illegally use other peoples information/work without their approval or recognition. In light of these considerations ICT, experts suggest the adoption of new regulations to govern the discipline more so when online data is subject to research (Popescul Georgescu, 2013). On the other hand, the privacy issues are as a result of the large volumes of data available today. This outcome again is facilitated by technology which through information technology has increased global connectivity. Researchers, therefore, have an abundance of information which they can readily store and manipulate based on their requirements. These outcomes outline the privacy concerns where the resource highlighted in the research may over expose the users or owners. Security of the same participants is also affected by the availability of information where researchers may over expose the participants involved which may cause harm to the people involved. Therefore, to protect the people involved two standards can be followed, apply confidentiality where researchers restrict access to information to the verified and concerned parties. Two, anonymity where participants are availed as anonymous individuals to protect their confidentiality. (Vatican, 2002). Similar solutions should be used for any data sourced from public sources as the rightful owners may lack the capacity to give access consents. Conclusion Research like other aspects of life is dynamic and versatile which outlines its complexity more so when dealing with ethical considerations. Therefore, in spite of the ethical standards used, there are instances when research will collide with the rights and ethical concerns of the participants. This outcome is further intensified by information technology (IT) which increases the factors to consider as a result of its extended environment. For one, data ownership is still a contentious issue in the digital realm as content is easily distributed which makes it difficult to trace the original users/developers. Furthermore, the availability of information makes it difficult to outline the privacy and security considerations of research. Therefore, to conduct an ethical research, one needs to follow a self-regulatory model where the concerns for others and their properties is observed. Moreover, as a regulatory procedure, most organisations and institutions should develop evaluation pan els that review researchers based on their ethical implications and considerations. References Buchanan. E Zimmer. M. (2016). Internet Research Ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-internet-research/ Deguzman. V. (2017). Computer Security Ethics and Privacy. Retrieved 24 May, 2017: https://www.webreference.com/internet/security/index.html Extension. (2017). Internet Legal and Ethical Issues. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://articles.extension.org/pages/62093/internet-legal-and-ethical-issues Fouka. G Mantzorou. M. (2017). What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing? Health Science Journal. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://www.hsj.gr/medicine/what-are-the-major-ethical-issues-in-conducting-research-is-there-a-conflict-between-the-research-ethics-and-the-nature-of-nursing.php?aid=3485 Mateti. P. (2017). Ethics in Internet Security. Retrieved 24 May, 2017: https://cecs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/Ethics McKee. H Porter. J. (2017). The Ethics of Internet Research: A Rhetorical, Case-based Process. Google books. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=HZGlmDQA4fUCpg=PA73lpg=PA73dq=intellectual+property+as+an+ethical+issue+in+internet+researchsource=blots=-8a8cLNXoQsig=hg0zdyx0S23WApQggfD2SQFD8rAhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=intellectual%20property%20as%20an%20ethical%20issue%20in%20internet%20researchf=false Popescul. D Georgescu. M. (2013). Internet of things some ethical issues. The USV annals of economics and public administration. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://seap.usv.ro/annals/ojs/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/628/599 Stuart. J Barnes J. (2005). Conducting ethical research. National evaluation of sure start. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://www.ness.bbk.ac.uk/support/GuidanceReports/documents/165.pdf Trochim. W. (2006). Ethics in research. Research methods knowledge base. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php Vatican. (2002). Ethics in internet. Pontifical council for social communication. Retrieved 24 May, 2017, from: https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_ethics-internet_en.html

Mechanism of Labor free essay sample

A good midwife will always aid in conduction of a vaginal delivery and not hastily conduct it without knowing about the mechanism that is occurring inside the pelvis. Hence it is very essential to learn about mechanism of normal labor, its principles and steps to distinguish it from an abnormal one Definition: The series of movements that occur on the head in the process of adaptation, during its journey through the pelvis, is called mechanism of labor. 1 Principles The principles are common to all mechanisms 1. Descent occurs throughout 2. The part that leads and first meets the resistance of the pelvic floor will rotate until comes under the symphysis pubis 3. The part that escapes under the symphysis pubis will pivot around the pubic bone 4. During the mechanism, the fetus turns slightly to take advantage of the widest available space in each plane of the pelvis, i. e. transverse at the brim and antero-posterior at the outlet 2 Mechanism In normal labor, the head enters the brim more commonly through the available transverse diameter and to a lesser extent through one of the oblique diameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanism of Labor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accordingly, the position is either Occipito lateral or oblique Occipito anterior. The left Occipito anterior position is commoner than the right Occipito anterior position as the left Occipito diameter is encroached by the rectum. 1 The engaging antero-posterior diameter of the skull is suboccipito bregmatic (9. 5 cm) and the engaging transverse diameter is biparietal 9. 5 cm. 1 As the Occipito Anterior position is the commonest the mechanism of labor will be described for Left Occipito Anterior or Right Occipito Anterior position When the fetus presents in left or right Occipito anterior position the way the fetus is normally situated can be described as follows: * The lie is longitudinal * The presentation is cephalic * The position is ROA or LOA * The attitude is one of flexion * The denominator is the occiput * The presenting part is the posterior part of the anterior parietal bone 2 Positional movements There are several basic positional movements which take place when the fetus is in a cephalic vertex presentation. These are as follows: 1. Engagement 2. Descent throughout 3. Flexion 4. Internal rotation of the head 5. Crowning 6. Delivery of the head by extension 7. Restitution 8. Internal rotation of the shoulders 9. External rotation of the head 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion Although the mechanisms of labor are listed separately, some of these overlap or occur simultaneously (internal rotation of the shoulders and external rotation of the head) 1. Engagement Engagement takes place when the biparietal diameter of the fetal head has passed through the pelvic inlet. In primigravidae, it usually occurs during the latter weeks of pregnancy. In multigravidae, as the muscle tone is lax engagement may not occur until labor actually begins. 2. Descent Descent occurs throughout the mechanisms of labor and is therefore both requisite to and simultaneous with other mechanisms. Descent is a result of a number of forces including contractions and maternal pushing effort with contraction of her abdominal muscles 3. Flexion Flexion is essential to further descent. The pressure exerted down the feta l axis will be transmitted to the occiput. The effect is to increase flexion, which results in the substitution of the smaller suboccipito bregmatic diameter 9. 5 cm. the occiput becomes the leading part. Flexion occurs when the fetal head meets the pelvic floor resistance which increases with descend. 4. Internal rotation of the head Internal rotation brings the anteroposterior diameter of the fetal head into alignment with the anteroposterior diameter of the maternal pelvis. This is accomplished by rotation of the occiput to the anterior portion of the maternal pelvis. In a well flexed vertex presentation, the occiput leads and meets the pelvic floor first and rotates anteriorly through one- eighth of a circle (45 degrees) this causes a slight twist in the neck of the fetus, as the head is no longer in direct alignment with the shoulders. As the fetal head now lies in the widest (anteroposterior) diameter of the pelvic outlet, an easy escape is facilitated. The occiput slips under the pubic arch and crowning occurs when the head no longer recedes between contractions and the widest transverse diameter i. e. biparietal is born. 5. Crowning After internal rotation of the head further descent occurs until the subocciput lies underneath the pubic arch. At this stage, the maximum diameter of the head (biparietal diameter) stretches the vulval outlet without any recession of the head even after the contraction is over. This is called â€Å"crowning of the head†. 6. Delivery of the head by extension Once crowning has occurred, fetal head can extend. The suboccipital region impinges under the symphysis pubis and acts as a pivotal point. The fetal head is now positioned so that further pressure from the contracting uterus and maternal pushing serves to further extend the head as the vaginal orifice opens. A couple of forces act on the fetal head. The driving force pushes the head in a downward direction while the pelvic floor offers a esistance in the upward and forward direction. The downward and upward forces neutralize and remaining forward thrust helps in extension. The successive parts of the fetal head to be born through the stretched vulval outlet are vertex, brow and face. 7. Restitution It is the visible passive movement of the head due to untwisting of the neck sustained during internal rotation. With restitution the occiput moves 45 degrees or one eighth of a circle towards the side from which it started and is again in alignment with the shoulders1 8. Internal rotation of shoulders The anterior shoulder reaches the pelvic floor and rotates anteriorly by one eighth of a circle. The shoulders come to lie in the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet 9. External rotation of the head External rotation of the head occurs as the shoulders rotate 45 degrees internally causing the head to rotate another 45 degrees. The movement can be seen clearly as the head turns at the same time. External rotation occurs in the same direction as restitution. 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion The anterior shoulder comes into view at the vaginal orifice, where it impinges under the symphysis pubis, while the posterior shoulder distends the perineum. This enables a smaller diameter to distend the vaginal orifice than if both the shoulders were born simultaneously. After the shoulders are delivered, the remainder of the body is born by lateral flexion. The mechanism of labor is different for different positions. Most of the movements in the mechanism occur simultaneously and at times may not be clearly visible during the delivery. Hence the midwife should be very careful and cautious and keep in mind the steps of normal mechanism of labor while conducting delivery References 1. D. C Dutta, Textbook of Obstetrics, 6th Edition, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta 2004, Pp: 125-129 2. Annamma Jacob, A Comprehensive Textbook of Midwifery, 2nd Edition, Jaypee brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2009, Pp :187-190 3. www. wingkingskull. com cited on 31st January 2012 4. http://pregnancy. about. com/od/laborbasics/ss/fetalpositions_2. htm cited on 27th January 2012

Expanding Culture in the West and East essays

Expanding Culture in the West and East essays The Islamic civilization has been considered by any to be one of the greatest civilizations to survive. It is an excellent example of how a society can be influenced by ancient cultures and cosmopolitan ideas at the same time. The post-classical Arab world in the seventh century was known for its greatness but it also experienced rough times. Because the region had long been governed by Roman and Persian empires, the Arab society did not experience a stable political system. Individuals were members of small groups, or tribes, and this type of social structure in the Arab world was the foundation for an unstable economy. The Islamic culture was primarily influenced with the emergence of Muhammad. Muhammad was a very spiritual man who began teaching Islam in Mecca, a popular Arabian city. He was extremely dissatisfied with what religions offered people and declared that God called him to change how most Arabians believed. He claimed that Gabriel, a messenger of God, had delivered revelations to him. He was extremely popular among the people and influenced culture through his religious teachings. In 622, many of Muhammad's followers asked him to establish a haram in Medina, which he decided he would do. His journey from Mecca to Medina is considered by many historians to be the "beginning of a new era" (Noble 1994 p. 273) in the Arab world. It was necessary for Muhammad to control Medina as well as Mecca in order to convert as much of Arabia as possible. Muhammad's teachings reached far beyond Arabia and because other cultures were quite receptive, Muhammad's teachings survived. After Muhammad's death, Islam experienced great expansion. Abu Bakr was Muhammad successor and his greatest accomplishment was winning wars against the Bedouins. By the time Umar succeeded Bakr, Arabia was almost completely united. Umar instigated conquests of Roman and Persian empires ...

THE LAW OF PROPERTY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE LAW OF PROPERTY - Essay Example Further, he also cannot act independent of the landlord, in any matter connected with the tenancy. All his rights and obligations stem from his contractual agreement with the landlord, which could be terminated by either party, by giving suitable notice as determined by the agreement. There are certain characteristics of licences, which are as follows: 1. Cancellation of the Licence. The cancellation of a licence is always possible, as was seen in the decided case law of Wood v Lead bitter (1845). The facts were that the plaintiff, A, brought a case of alleged assault against the defendant. The plaintiff was in Doncaster Race course with a ticket. He was asked to move out but he did not, and challenged the cancellation of his licence. It was held that â€Å"licence by A to hunt in his park, whether given by deed or by parole, is revocable; it merely renders the act of hunting lawful, which, without the licence, would have been unlawful." 2. The heirs or succeeding parties in the contract of licence would not be bound by the licence: this was seen in the decided case law- King V David Allen & Sons (bill Posting) Ltd. (1916). In this case, the plaintiff, David Allen was under contract with King’s to stick billposters on the walls of the theatre. Later, however, the ownership of King changed hands, and it was held that the right of David Allen, being a ‘personal’ right and not a ‘real’ right, could not be enforced against the succeeding Company. (Property law summary). In another case law, Clore V Theatrical Properties Ltd. (1936), the licensor A, was denied permission to sell drinks in the theatre, formerly run by D. The new owner C, refused to validate the licence given by D to A. Held, the court upheld C’s contention, and the only remedy for A was to seek redressal from D, who had assigned the licence to A.

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Digitalized New Yorker - Research Paper Example developed artistic taste and established new standards of magazine literature with its skillfully written stories, brilliant essays, intelligent humor, self-sufficient caricatures, reviews of uncommon books, performances, movies. Mr. Ross wanted to create the magazine of a subtle humor. Having taken in partners the businessman Raul Fleyshmann Ross founded F-R Publishing Company, and remained the editor of the magazine till the death in 1951. Though the magazine did not lose sense of humor, it soon won reputation in the serious journalistic environment with its cartoons and unexpected reviews of uncommon books, performances, and movies. Speaking about New York`s cultural life The New Yorker was meant to become a visit card of Big Apple, however, it is highly demanded throughout America generally (The New Yorker history 2). The New Yorker has published the stories of many popular writers, and some stories from the magazine were transformed into the film scenarios. Among The New Yorker`s writers there were Vladimir Nabokov, Roland Dahl, Haruki Murakami, J.D. Salinger, John Updake. Such films as Adaptaion by Charlie Cauffman or The hours by Michael Cunnigham have appeared after the stories were adapted to the screen (The New Yorker history 2). The edition uses specific spelling with application of diaresis marks over repeating vowels in words where they are said separately is allocated, without forming a digraph as in the word â€Å" reelected†. The New Yorker along with Technology Review published by MIT, are one of the few editions keeping this practice. Besides, record of numbers by a copy-book, including rather long ("for the-seven thousand" instead of "47000") is accepted. The New Yorker, as a rule, does not use italics tracing for record of names of books, movies, and other works. Instead they are quoted. Though italics are used at the mention of other printing editions, it is used only for the name of the edition while the name of the city is typed by a usual

Change context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change context - Essay Example For example, one may question whether a halt in the organizations operations would result in the same changes observed and the consequent associated benefits, or, while in operation, what changes are the organization seeing in its context, that need to be taken into the account. A credible answer to these questions will allow the organization identify what is important and effective this will allow the organization to develop necessary activities that seek to drive the organization to an affirmative position, and communicate its impact in a better manner. Change doesn’t usually occur in an unprecedented manner, and arriving at a reasonably acceptable form of change requires assessment and implementation of strategies meant to accomplish the organizations set goals. In most cases, organizational change results from major external driving forces that the organization has little control over, such as need for increase in productivity, significant cuts in funding and need to address new market targets, among others. Normally, in a bid to keep up with these changes that affect the organization, unprecedented changes must occur, devolving the organizations structure to newer improved standards that can keep up with the changing environment. Such evolving changes may include formulation of new policies such as changing from a highly hasty decision making entrepreneurial tendency to one which observes calm and critical planning preceding decision. Such a move, which alters in the organizations operations results to organization-wide c hange. In comparison of three advertisements seeking to find viable individuals for employment in a managerial post, all the advertisements required highly trained individuals, with an adequate educational background. Also, the duties to be tasked to the manager were quite similar, including development of new organizational ideas, planning of the organizations expenditure, identification of issues affecting the

Beers Critical Path Method

Beers Critical Path Method Beers Critical Path Method Introduction Background: This essay analyzes the transformation of a business-unit (Alpha) of a large public sector undertaking (PSU) company Beta. Alpha was set up with an intention of manufacturing x product for y market. Until December 2003, the primary mission of Alpha of about 900 people was the development, support and maintenance of product x, which was developed and implemented using sequential development method (App-2). The clumsy nature of the employed process and bureaucratic structure of the company was resulting into consistent delays into deliveries of low quality and over budgeted products. The unit had not been able to produce cost-competitive product with high-quality. It had been running without making profit for last three consecutive years. In 2004, newly elected governments inclination towards disinvestment of underperforming PSUs forced Beta to mull over the rationalization of its underperforming business-unit. Consistent pressure from the competitive market and senior managers from head-quarter (HQ) inevitably forced head of Alpha to revisit the units structure and processes. It was decided to come up with design and development of product with superior quality and cost competitiveness within a limited budget and time (i.e. Eighteen months). Revisit to the existing process and structure highlighted the major problems, which were due to lack of coordination and participation among functions in addition to sequential product-development methodology. Consequently, management decided to change the existing structure, and adopt concurrent engineering methodology (App-3) to produce x moving forward. Change Analysis Nature and type of change: Nature of change at Alpha can be analyzed by applying TROPICS test (Paton McCalman, 2008). Based on analysis, this change can be located at the Flexi/Grey area of change spectrum. Although time scales, control and sources factors are identified hard, but as a whole, change is inclined more towards soft end of the spectrum. Problem at Alpha can be considered messy as it involves soft complexities due to the introduction of a new working model and process method (Open university, 1985, cited in Senior Fleming, 2006). TROPICS Test (Modeled on source: Paton McCalman, 2008) Dimensions of the change CCP (Content, Context and Process) model (Pettigrew Whipp, 1991), widely used in organizational change analysis, can be applied in this case to understand the changes at Alpha. Although this model was originally developed to analyze private sector organization but later on, its application was extended to other fields and sectors (Pettigrew et al., 1992). Overall framework focuses on what (content), why (context) and how (process) dimensions of the organization change. CCP Framework (Modeled on source: Pettigrew Whipp, 1991) Context (Why): Traditionally, PSUs are considered to have bureaucratic culture (bureaucratic organization-structure and process culture) (Deal Kennedy, 2002). Such culture is generally hierarchy-driven, procedural, regulated, ordered, cautious, and power orientated (Wallach, 1983). The purpose of bureaucracy is to restrict individuals capacity exerting control over decision-making processes and activities (McHugh Bennett, 1999). According to Hofstede (2003), bureaucratic structure is based on rigid rules and processes, and competencies tied to the positions; where employees are accustomed to systemic but precise way of working, which operates on ‘one person, one job basis and require high degree of job specialization. Therefore, business knowledge and skills are owned by individuals; this makes knowledge sharing very problematic. De Long Fahey (2000) argue that the organization culture plays vital role in determining the people and specific business knowledge relationship. Alpha had been facing similar issues; due to the bureaucratic culture, decision-making was traditionally made at the top without much coordination with and participation of functions. Sequential-development approach used is linear in nature, which does not provide tangible results and product visibility until the product development lifecycle end (Martin, 1991; McConnell, 1996). Lack of individuals participation and knowledge sharing, conflict of authorities in conjunction with slow decision-making speed and cumbersome sequential nature of the product development used to induce significant delays in product delivery and implementation, causing low product-quality and high cost-per-product. Fig- can be used to show cause of realized changes using multiple-cause diagram. Multiple-Cause diagram (Modeled on source: Paton McCalman, 2008) Primary drivers for change can be identified by using a classical change management tool, Force-field analysis (Lewin, 1947). Main purpose for using this tool is to understand context (driving forces) and content (objective, goal, and restraining forces) and determine the process (ways to enhance positive factors and lessen negative factors) (Giardino et al., 1994). This tool confirms the nature and type of change at Alpha confirms, analyzed by TRPOICS test. The primary restraining forces indicate that most of the barriers to change involved soft aspects, such as senior management, existing culture and employee related barriers. Field force analysis (Modeled on source: Lewin, 1947) Content (What): Existing situation at Alpha was not conducive for proposed concurrent development approach either. This approach follows iterative process, which calls for authoritative and speedy decision-making activities along with team culture (Cockburn, 2002). However, bureaucracy structure hinders speed (Martin, 1991) and is not suitable for highly dynamic and complex business processes (Carnall, 2003). Crozier (1964, cited in Hughes, 2003) feels that static working patterns and fixed procedures are not beneficial in a dynamic and volatile business environment. Hence Alpha not only required change in product-development process but also to organization structure. Process (How): Changes at unit were managed and implemented using Beer et al.s (1990) critical path to corporate renewal. This six-step planned-change model needs to be executed in sequence to achieve a successful change. The critical path process in the present case was led by unit head with a middle management team. 1. Mobilize commitment to change through joint diagnosis of business problem: Prior to any effective change effort, it is important to have business problem clearly defined . Management should help people in developing a shared diagnosis of the problem (Beer et al., 1990) and realizing the need for change in existing status quo (Richardson Varkoi, 2003). Kotter (1996) describes the need for a powerful guiding coalition with involvement of key members of the organization. The number of such key members can be small to start with, and can gradually be increased as project gains momentum (Borjesson Mathiassen, 2003). At Alpha, initial step taken by the unit head to review the business broadly. Sticking to Lippits ‘golden rule (1959), an external consultant with his assistant was brought in to lead the change, and to develop the guidelines for the change management. External consultant was allowed to form a coalition-team with a senior researcher, five managers from various functions and six key expert employees from units production-department. Team together investigated existing and past product performances, results and artifacts. In order to analyze problems effectively, they also visited and observed many successful manufacturing companies. Through the analysis of their observations, customer satisfaction surveys and previous performance data, team formed a common understanding of the problem. Team recognized the flaw in the existing product methodology and lack of shared knowledge among employees due to which there were consistent and significant delays in product-delivery with poor p roduct-quality. They came up with two page fact sheet to support their analysis. At this point, team began to realize the need for an alternative organization model and development methodology. 2. Develop a shared vision of how to organize and manage for competitiveness: Once a problem is analyzed, coalition should align employees core tasks with vision of the organization, and lead them towards a task-aligned vision with redefining employees roles and responsibilities (Beer et. al, 1990). Objective of such new arrangements is to have better information-flow coordination pattern across all cross-functional departments. Moreover, these arrangements do not encounter much resistance as they do not cause any formal changes in systems and structure such as compensation or titles (Beer et. al, 1990). However, communications is essential to achieve such arrangement (Jones et al., 2004). Developing vision and strategy is generally a messy and time consuming process that results into guidance for future, which is feasible, desirable, flexible, and focused (Kotter, 1996). In order to develop vision, team executed future workshop to focus on democratic and creative idea generation from the participants. Future Workshops, a user-driven and participatory design technique, is used to help participants play an important role in designing vision for future, by actualizing a common problematic-situation (Greenbaum Kyng, 1991). This workshop is normally conducted in three phases: critique, visionary and realization phase (Jungk Mullert, 1986). The participants, at Alpha, consisted of management team and carefully chosen key employees. In critique phase, participants formulated their critical views regarding existing shared values and working procedures. At the end of this phase, participants were asked to prioritize the most important issues considered the barriers for the u nits development. In visionary phase, participants formulated the visions for units future direction, which brought in new suggestions and ideas for business activities improvement. In realization phase, participants identified actions to realize the visions most effectively as a response to critical issues. Relevant inputs gathered from participants of this process can be utilized while preparing overall change implementation plan (Jones et al., 2004). Based on cost-benefit analysis, future workshop and two-page factsheets, team carried out a SWOT analysis and developed a new organization model (refer fig-), along with a new methodology, concurrent development method, for product development and implementation. Intention of new model was to eliminate hierarchal and functional barriers to information sharing; whereas to adopt new product development approach to avoid delays and improve quality along with cost-competiveness of the product. Such organization-level changes do need an adequate support from senior management (Small Downey, 2001). therefore proposal of these changes was proposed to senior management team at HQ. While they were delighted to notice units pro-active and positive steps, they were not convinced with the new approach to resolve the critical issue as existing approach was working very well for rest of the organization. Eventually after few rounds of discussions, they got ready to lend their support and approved the proposal, despite their reservations. New organization model (Cross-functional Teams with their respective responsibility area) 3. Foster consensus for the new vision, competence to enact it, and cohesion to move it along. Beer et al. (1990) feels that just simply helping employees develop a new vision is insufficient to make change successful. Employees need to understand the positive impact of new structure and approach to be committed to that vision. Therefore, it is vital to share and communicate the vision to employees in overcoming resistance to change and developing required competencies to make new organization work. Change process can be successful only when there are clear, concise and realistic change-plan and implementation-plan in place; otherwise process runs at risk of adding further resistance to change (Mathiassen et al., 2005). In order to communicate the vision to all employees, a conference with presentation and discussion was held. Senior management team from HQ along with all the employees, were in attendance. The change-plan with new structure and methodology, and implementation-plan with goals, objective, risks and mitigation plans, training plans, and milestone and measurement plans were also presented. Presence of senior management in the conference boosted the morale and confidence of units management team. Subsequently, internal meetings took place and goals, strategy and vision were circulated. Once new roles and responsibilities are defined, people need to foster the skills to make the new arrangement work. In fact, changes in the relationships due to these new roles, responsibilities will push people towards learning, and foster new attitudes and skills. Changed coordination pattern also increases sharing of information, employee collaboration and participation; this, in turn, reduces resistance level which arises as a result of incorrect information and rumours (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). Team took the help of human resource team, not only to make sure employees were clear about the changes, and their roles and responsibilities but also to understand the required skills and trainings for the employees. Required trainings were imparted to employees to develop their skills. Beer et al. (1990) advocate replacing those managers who despite all the support and guidance do not want to or cannot change in order to function in new setup. Having said that such decisions can sometimes backfire as not only there is a threat of losing valuable skills and knowledge but also it can make other employees demoralized, that can hamper the change progress. Introduction of new model and development approach caused restructuring resulting into redundancy of staff in small number. Uncertainty created by the situation also made few employees depart during the transition process. Few managers and employees were replaced and few were given promotion. Few key employees including managers, who were very much accustomed to past bureaucratic culture could not find the new working model and culture suitable for them and subsequently, left the organization. 4. Spread revitalization to all departments without pushing it from the top. With a new structure is in place for the unit, departments and functions do have to rethink about their authorities and roles in the organization. Effective interaction between them and new organization structure enables members of team to become effective by letting employees participate actively in team decisions (Beer et al., 1990). At Alpha, where managers of production department looked the most spirited and passionate about the changes, managers of engineering department were more hesitating. They had always been a dominant force at Alpha and these changes were perceived as threat to their authority. In the past, they always shown less concern whether production department could manufacture products based on their design specification. However, with new organization structure and method in place, engineering department had to collaborate with product department in product development activities. This actually forced them to re-visit their approaches to manage and organize their own department, and rethink over their roles. Often when speedy change is required, leaders tend to force the issue throughout the organization; this generally short-circuits change-process. The best way is to let each functions and departments find their own way to the new organization (Beer et al., 1990). In case of Alpha, departments were encouraged to apply general concept of teamwork and coordination to their own situation. For nearly a year, engineering department had to suffer agony in implementing theses concept and accepting the new structure. Decision of their move to new structure was natural; since it was their own choice, team members showed commitment to learn the required attitude and skills. 5. Institutionalize revitalization through formal policies, systems, and structures. In any change process, sequence of activities should be carefully considered as activities suited at one particular time tend to backfire, if initiated little too soon. This is especially applicable to activities related to changes in systems and structure. Leaders should institutionalize changes only when right employees are in place and new arrangements are up and running. Beer et al. (1990) argues that none of formal structure and systems is perfect but employee commit to them, as they work in structure and learn about required interdependencies. If the implemented change becomes part of the culture of organization then it is considered successful (Senior Fleming, 2006). The units revitalization was successful as it enabled employees to change their views about their roles and responsibilities. They actually became convinced that change would bring a difference. This eventually resulted into a striking improvements in value added per employee, gross inventory per employee, scrap reduction, quality, and profits. To their credit, business unit was able to achieve all these without further control system, compensation or restructuring. However, eventually when opportunity came, there were few change were made in the formal organization. For example, vice president of operation was asked to leave organization and that position was eliminated altogether. 6. Monitor and adjust strategies in response to problems in the revitalization process. In order to sustain the benefits of changes and being able to adapt to dynamic competitive environment, an organization should know the effective use of continuous shared monitoring of the change process (Mathiassen et al., 2005). Keeping such measurement criteria provides multiple advantages, such as i) it keeps people, with direct involvement in the change-process, motivated; ii) it gives management a sense of direction in which change-project is moving iii) it also depicts a relationship between achieved result and invested effort. Even after successful change implementation, it is essential to re-examine the original plan regularly and revise it with respect to current circumstances and situations (Senior Fleming, 2006). Stating clear objectives and process measurements criteria explicitly in the implementation plan was very helpful. Measurements were gathered at the end of pilot-study and appropriate process benchmarking was set, after comparison with previous internal and cro ss-industry data. In order to monitor revitalization, several mechanisms were put in place. Internal surveys and feedbacks were introduced to monitor attitude and behaviour patterns. A monitoring team was formed to keep regular watch over the processes and plan for new challenges. This team consisted of managers and key members of respective functional teams and human resource and finance teams. Outcomes and lessons Outcomes: Use of critical path model in present case proved to be an effective way to evoke organization renewal without actually enforcing it. Beer et al.s (1990) believe that employees resistance to changes can be managed effectively through task-alignment approach. This turned out to be a key success factor in case of Alpha. Once core task aligned with organizations vision, employees discovered that new structure and product-development method are more effective. They started willing to accept changes, which otherwise they may have resisted. Adoption of concurrent development method along with change in existing structure, improved not only speed of decision-making but also employee-participation and knowledge-sharing among functions and departments. This enabled company to reduce product-manufacturing and delivery time significantly; this, consequently, improved product-quality and cost-competitiveness and therefore, the profit. The problems associated with the new development method and s tructure is now believed to have eased with increase in employees familiarization of new structure, and development approach. Despite all that, change-project at unit cannot be entirely considered successful. Beer assumes the approach of the changes through critical path model to be always top-bottom. However, the change-project in Alpha was initiated by unit head and carried out by his middle-management team with the help of an external consultant. One of the necessary steps was to gain approval and support from senior management teams of HQ, who was not roped in right from the word go. Negotiations with them caused notable delay in the implementation of the planned changes. The combined effect of not having senior management from HQ directly involved in the coalition, and resignations of senior researcher along with few key members of coalition while restructuring impacted the speed of the changes and its desired results. Although, change-project is claimed to be successful by the management team; but absence significant key performance indicators at the beginning for measuring the success, raise question mark over their claim. In fact, this change-project would be considered a failure if measured against traditional performance indicators, such as cost (in budget) and time (on time). Present study raises a few reservations over the critical path model itself. Basic flaws with this model are the lack of provision for pilot-project, and feedback-loop (iteration) at each stage. Pilot-project is considered to be very handy while implementing new process, which enables people to view new aspects of the process. This approach also gives an idea to people how process will work in actual and assists convincing others, particularly management, about the benefits of new process (Borjesson Mathiassen, 2003). At Alpha, pilot-project approach was employed effectively and it was successful, which convinced senior manager at HQ that the change-project was moving in right direction. Measurements gathered during pilot-project were also helpful in maintaining concentration and sustaining improvements. However, coalition did not realize the importance of feedback-loop at each stage, which caused uncertainty in employees mind, particular during restructuring. This resulted into dep arture of key employees, leaving long-term impact on the unit (Fodor Poor, 2009). Being effective only at organization-level changes, the model either not considered or overlooked specific aspects of concurrent-development approach; this gives rise to need for a more specific and tailored framework to manage such process-level changes. Bibliography Fodor, P., Poor, J. (2009). The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis on HRM and Knowledge-Management in Hungary and Slovakia Empirical Research 2008-2009. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 6 (3), 69-91. Nadler, D.A and Tushman, M.L. (1989).Organizational Frame Bending: Principles for Managing Reorientation.The Academy of Management Executive,3 (3), 194-204 Paton, R.A. and McCalman, J. (2008).Change management: a guide to effective implementation, 3rded. London: SAGE Publications. Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics. Human relation, 1, 5-42. Senior, B., Fleming, J. (2006). Organizational Change, 3rded. London: Prentice Hall. Kotter, J. (1996). Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Lippit, R. (1959). Dimensions of the consultants job. Journal of Social Issues, 15 (2), 5-11. Miles, M., Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd ed. New York: SAGE Publications. Richardson, I., Varkoi, T. (2003). Managing for Change when Implementing Software Process Improvement Initiatives. In: European Software process Improvement Conference, EuroSPI 2003. Borjesson, A., Mathiassen, L. (2003). Making SPI Happen: The IDEAL Distribution Effort. [Online] http://www.computer.org/plugins/dl/pdf/proceedings/hicss/2003/1874/09/187490328b.pdf?template=1loginState=1userData=anonymous-IP%253A%253A86.12.199.139 (Accessed on: 07 Mar 2010) Small, A., Downey, E. (2001). Managing Change: Some Important Aspects. [Online] http://downeysmall.com/pdf/iemc2001rp_web.pdf (Accessed on: 06 Mar 2010) Mathiassen, L., Ngwenyama, O., Aaen, I. (2005). Managing Change in Software Process Improvement. IEEE Software. 22(6), 84-91 Jones, J., Aguirre, D., Calderone, M. (2004). 10 Principles of Change Management. [Online] http://www.strategybusiness.com/ (accessed on: 27 Dec 2009), Kotter, J., Schlesinger, L. (1979). Choosing Strategies for Change. Harvard Business Review 57(2), 106-114 (1979) Jungk, R. Mullert, N. (1996). Future Workshops How to Create desirable futures. London: Institute for Social Inventions. Greenbaum J., Kyng M. (1991). Design at work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Beer M., Spector B. A., Spector B. (1990). The Critical Path to Corporate Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Pettigrew, A., and Whipp, R. (1991). Managing change for competitive success. Oxford.: Blackwell. Hughes, O. (2003). Public management and administration. London: Palgrave, Macmillan. Pettigrew A., Ferlie E., McKee L, (1992). Shaping Strategic Change The Case of the NHS in the 1980s. Public Money Management, 12(3), 27-31. Wallach, E. (1983). Individuals and organisations: The cultural match. Training and Development Journal, 29-36. Deal T. E. and Kennedy, A. A. (1982).Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. McHugh, M. and Bennett, H. (1999). Introducing team working within a bureaucratic maze.Leadership and Organizational Development Journal. 20 (2), 81-93. Carnall, C. (2003). Managing change in organizations, 4th ed. UK: Prentice-Hall. Cockburn, A. (2002). Agile software development. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Hofstede, G. (2003). Cultures and organisations—Software of the mind. London: Profile Books. De Long, D. W., Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113-127. Martin, J. (1991). Rapid application development. New York: Macmillan. McConnell, S. (1996). Rapid development—Taming wild software schedules. Washington: Microsoft Press. Giardino A. P., Giardino E. R., MacLaren C. F., Burg F. D. (1994). Managing change: A case study of implementing change in a clinical evaluation system. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 6 (3), 149 153.

Ted Bundy Essays -- essays research papers

Murder is the most vindictive crime society can commit. As individuals in society, the belief of being born a murderer is false. No one is born a murderer; society gives birth to that murderer. In Ted Bundy's case the lack of parental guidance and constant rejection of women contributed to him evolving into a vicious serial killer. Bundy was a man who let his fantasies run his life, he believed that life was a game. All this contributed to making Bundy revengeful, bitter, and not quite mentally stable. Bundy took countless numbers of young female lives in the 70's. This man seemed to have a highly unstable personality and was often confused in life, some have suggested that, "Bundy was insane and that he should have been in a mental institution." Bundy was executed in 1989 in Florida for his crimes, but the real question is what really made this vicious man tick? Ted Bundy went down in history as one of the most brutal serial killers of the 20th century (AP 10). Ted Bundy was born on November 24, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont in a home for unwed mothers. His 22-year-old mother Eleanor Louise Cowell felt forced by the norms of society to have her parents raise Ted as their own and she portrayed herself to be her son's older sister. As for Ted's natural father Lloyd Marshall, who was an Air Force veteran was unknown to him throughout his life. When Ted turned four, his mother, Louise took him with her and moved to Tacoma, Washington where she married Johnnie Bundy. Ted Bundy felt nothing towards his stepfather, he was very bitter that he was forced to move across the continent from his grandfather, the only man he looked up to. Although, a psychiatrist had concluded after talking with Bundy year's later, that his grandfather was an abusive brute or even worse. As a young boy, Bundy had started becoming obsessed with females and obscure sexuality, "..as a boy, he was already roaming his neighborhood and picking through trash barrels in searc h of pictures of naked women" (Davis.) This seems to be the result of very poor to no parental guidance, he stated himself that he couldn't talk to his parents about many things. Ted Bundy had expressed feelings during an interview that, parental involvement and security is very important in a young child's life and that he never had that protection. Bundy was very shy as a youth and he was often bullied... ...y to travel in the mind of a killer. AOFP. "Ted Bundy: Pathological Profile" www.datagraph.com/bundy.profile.html October 1996 A.P. "Dentist, Using Photos, links Bundy to Bites on Victim in Slaying" The New York Times 19 July 1979. A10 Davis, Barbara. "Ex-deputy tries to cash in Bundy's car" The Seattle Times www.seattletimes.com/extra/browse/html97/alttedd_071697.html Duijndam, Rachael. "investigation " www.crimelibrary.com/bundy/investigation.html November 1998. Duijndam, Rachael. "A Time of Terror " www.crimelibrary.com/bundy/terror.html November 1998. Duijndam, Rachael. "The Time of Change" www.crimelibrary.com/bundy/change.html November1998 Larsen, Richard W. Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger (New York, Pocket Books) 1986 Mello, Michael. "Crazy Joe, Ted Bundy and Us" The Miami Herald 18 May 1997 B10 Michaud, Stephen G. and Aynesworth, Hugh. Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer (Toronto, Penguin Group) 1989 Reinhold, Robert. "Student says Bundy fled Murder Scene in Florida" The New York Times 17 July 1979, B15 Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me (Toronto, Penguin Group) 1989

A&P and Greasy Lake

Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle and A&P by John Updike are both stories about coming of age. Over the generations there have been many changes. In these two short-stories it proves that, although it takes place in different generations, coming of age is still a time to prove one’s self. A&P is about a nineteen-year-old boy that works at a local grocery store. The main character, Sammy, stands up against his manager in an attempt to defend and hopefully impress the girls he was attracted to, who were not â€Å"decently dressed. Greasy Lake on the other hand is told from the narrator’s point of view, about several nineteen years old boys who play a prank on a â€Å"bad† character and experience what bad characters are capable of doing. For the narrator and Sammy they realize their lack of infantility after their conflicts with other people in the stories. In Sammy’s case, â€Å"enraged that Lengel has humiliated the girls†, he quits his job tryin g to defend and impress the girls. The girls just ignore Sammy and leave the store after all of the arguing had died down. Sammy is then left by himself, without a job and without the girls. When he looks back at the store from outside, â€Å"[his] stomach kind of fell as [he] felt how hard the world was going to be to [him] hereafter. † Obviously, he is feeling a sense of regret when Sammy mentions the hardship in his life after he quits his job at the grocery store. The narrator in Greasy Lake also learns a lesson for the story. He learns that one’s appearance does not represent one’s true self. Three of the â€Å"dangerous characters†, including the narrator and his friends, â€Å"drive out to scum-and refuse-clotted Greasy Lake in search for action. †

Free Essays on Effects Of Science On The Great Awakening

The Effects of Science on the Great Awakening If the sciences had been quicker to develop, the Great Awakening would not have happened. This is because people were seeing change as a good thing after the rapid spread of disease, which would be preventative when science did develop. Also, the ideas of modern scientists, made people begin to think of the gap between man and God as much smaller, and that the consequence of their actions all that much greater. The great Awakening was actually a series of revivals that took place in the American colonies spanning several years. It was a shift of religious teachings from the importance of the church to preaching of the importance of personal behavior. The changes that took place during the Great Awakening were so dramatic that those who took part in the awakening became known as the ‘New Lights’ and those who didn’t were called the ‘Old Lights’. Settlers in the American colonies seemed to have more trouble with disease than they had planned for. They were dealing with both the diseases that they had brought with them from England and those that were Native to their new home continent. They did their best to mix the old medicines they brought with them from Europe with the new remedies to provide cures for these new diseases (Cotton). Life on the frontier was especially hard and these settlers found that in these regions survival was truly every man for himself (Matthews). In these regions there were few familiar herbs available, and not many of the herbs brought with them were capable of growing in the new terrain. These people also had the least access to doctors as they lived so far west and their large plantations could often put several miles between themselves and any major city (Cotton). In this time period doctors studied the ideas from ancient texts such as those written by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Dicorides and Galen. They taught that sickness... Free Essays on Effects Of Science On The Great Awakening Free Essays on Effects Of Science On The Great Awakening The Effects of Science on the Great Awakening If the sciences had been quicker to develop, the Great Awakening would not have happened. This is because people were seeing change as a good thing after the rapid spread of disease, which would be preventative when science did develop. Also, the ideas of modern scientists, made people begin to think of the gap between man and God as much smaller, and that the consequence of their actions all that much greater. The great Awakening was actually a series of revivals that took place in the American colonies spanning several years. It was a shift of religious teachings from the importance of the church to preaching of the importance of personal behavior. The changes that took place during the Great Awakening were so dramatic that those who took part in the awakening became known as the ‘New Lights’ and those who didn’t were called the ‘Old Lights’. Settlers in the American colonies seemed to have more trouble with disease than they had planned for. They were dealing with both the diseases that they had brought with them from England and those that were Native to their new home continent. They did their best to mix the old medicines they brought with them from Europe with the new remedies to provide cures for these new diseases (Cotton). Life on the frontier was especially hard and these settlers found that in these regions survival was truly every man for himself (Matthews). In these regions there were few familiar herbs available, and not many of the herbs brought with them were capable of growing in the new terrain. These people also had the least access to doctors as they lived so far west and their large plantations could often put several miles between themselves and any major city (Cotton). In this time period doctors studied the ideas from ancient texts such as those written by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Dicorides and Galen. They taught that sickness...

Organizing Your Genealogy Files

Organizing Your Genealogy Files Piles of copies of old records, printouts from genealogy websites, and letters from fellow genealogy researchers are sitting in piles on the desk, in boxes, and even on the floor. Some are even mixed in with bills and your childrens school papers. Your papers may not be completely disorganized if youre asked for something specific, you can probably find it, but it definitely isnt a filing system that you would describe as efficient. Believe it or not, the solution is as simple as finding an organizational system that suits your needs and research habits and then making it work. It might not be as simple as it sounds, but it is doable and will ultimately help to keep you from spinning your wheels and duplicating research. Which Filing System is Best Ask a group of genealogists how they organize their files, and youre likely to get as many different answers as genealogists. There are a number of popular genealogy organization systems, including binders, notebooks, files, etc., but there truly is no individual system which is best or correct. We all think and behave differently, so ultimately the most important consideration in setting up your filing system is that it must fit your personal style. The best organization system is always the one that you will use. Taming the Paper Monster As your genealogy project progresses youll find that you have numerous paper documents to file for each individual that you research birth records, census records, newspaper articles, wills, correspondence with fellow researchers, Web site printouts, etc. The trick is to develop a filing system that will enable to easily lay your fingers on any of these documents at any time. Commonly used genealogical filing systems include: By Surname:  All papers for an individual surname are filed together.By Couple or Family:  All papers related to a husband and wife or family unit are filed together.By Family Line:  All papers related to a specific family line are filed together. Many genealogists begin by starting with four such ancestral lines one for each of their grandparents.By Event:  All papers related to a specific event type (i.e. birth, marriage, census, etc.) are filed together. Beginning with any of the four systems mentioned above, you could then further organize your papers into the following categories: By Location:  Papers are first grouped by one of the four genealogy filing systems listed above, and then further broken down by country, state, county, or town to reflect your ancestors migration. For example, if you chose the Surname Method, you would first group all CRISP ancestors together, and then further break the piles down into the England CRISPs, the North Carolina CRISPs, and the Tennessee CRISPs.By Record Type:  Papers are first grouped by one of the four genealogy filing systems listed above, and then further broken down by record type (i.e. birth records, census records, wills, etc.). Binders, Folders, Notebooks, or Computer The first step to starting an organizational system is to decide on the basic physical form for your filing (piles dont count!)   file folders, notebooks, binders, or computer disks. Filing Cabinet and File Folders:  File folders, probably the most popular organizational tool for genealogists, are inexpensive, very portable, and easily hold papers of different shapes and sizes. When dropped, however, file folders can become quite a mess with papers thrown out of order, and possibly misplaced. File folders make it easy to consult documents, but you have to be diligent about making sure the paper is put back where it came from. Once youve generated a lot of paper, however, the file folder system is the most flexible and expandable.Binders:  If youre someone who really likes to keep things together in one place, then organizing your printed genealogy data into binders may be a good option for you. This method standardizes your genealogical records into a regular size paper format. Documents that you dont wish to three-hole punch, can be added in polypropylene sleeves. Binders are portable and dont require a filing cabinet, however, if you do a lot of genealogic al research you may find that binders eventually become too cumbersome on their own.​ Computer Disks, CDs, and DVDs:  Transcribing  or scanning genealogical documents into the computer can save quite a bit of space, and computerized organizational systems can greatly speed up tedious tasks such as sorting and cross-referencing. CD-ROM quality has also greatly improved, supposedly lasting indefinitely under proper storage conditions. But, will your descendants 100 or more years from now have a computer that can read them? If you choose to use your computer as your primary organizational system, consider also making and preserving copies or printouts of important documents. Once you get started organizing your genealogical clutter, youll probably find that a combination of storage methods works best. Some people, for example, use binders to organize proven family and file folders for miscellaneous research on unproven connections, neighborhood or locality research, and correspondence. It is important to keep in mind that organization is and always will be a work in progress. Organizing Your Genealogy Using File Folders To set up and use file folders to organize your genealogy records you will need the following basic supplies: A filing cabinet or file boxes with lids. The boxes need to be strong, preferably plastic, with horizontal inner ridges or grooves for letter-size hanging files.Colored, letter-size hanging file folders  in blue, green, red, and yellow. Look for ones with large tabs. You can also save a bit of money here by purchasing standard green hanging file-folders instead and using colored labels for the color-coding.Manila folders. These should have slightly smaller tabs than the hanging file folders and should have reinforced tops to last through heavy use.Pens. For best results, use a pen with an ultra fine point, felt tip, and black, permanent, acid-free ink.Highlighters. Buy highlighters in light blue, light green, yellow, and pink (dont use red because it is too dark). Colored pencils also work.Labels for file folders. These labels should have blue, green, red and yellow strips along the top and permanent adhesive on the back. Once youve assembled your supplies, its time to get started with the file folders. Use different colored file folders for the lineages of each of your four grandparents in other words, all folders created for the ancestors of one grandparent will be marked with the same color. The colors you select are up to you, but the following color choices are the most common: BLUE - ancestors of your paternal grandfather (fathers father)GREEN - ancestors of your paternal grandmother (fathers mother)RED - ancestors of your maternal grandfather (mothers father)YELLOW - ancestors of your maternal grandmother (mothers mother) Using the colors as outlined above, create a separate folder for each surname, writing names on the hanging file tab insert with the black permanent marker (or printing inserts on your printer). Then hang the files in alphabetical order in your file box or cabinet by color (i.e. put the blues alphabetically in one group, the greens in another group, etc.). If youre new to genealogy research, this may be all you need to do. If you have accumulated a lot of notes and photocopies, however, it is now time to subdivide. Here is where you need to choose how you want to organize your files. The two most popular methods as discussed on page 1 of this article are: by  Surname  (further broken down as needed by Locality and/or Record Type)by  Couple or Family Group The basic filing instructions are the same for each, the difference is primarily in how they are organized. If you arent sure yet which method will work best for you, try using the Surname method for one surname and the Family Group method for one or two families. See which one suits you best, or develop your own combination of the two. Family Group Method Create a family group sheet for each married couple listed on your pedigree chart. Then set up manila folders for each of the families by putting a colored label on the file folder tab. Match the label color to the color of the appropriate family line. On each label, write the names of the couple (using the  maiden name  for the wife) and the numbers from your  pedigree chart  (most pedigree charts use the  ahnentafel numbering system). Example: James OWENS and Mary CRISP, 4/5. Then place these manila family folders in the hanging folders for the appropriate surname and color, arranged in alphabetical order by the husbands first name or in numerical order by the numbers from your pedigree chart. In the front of each manila folder, attach the family group record of the family to serve as a table of contents. If there was more than one marriage, make a separate folder with a family group record for each other marriage. Each family folder should include all documents and notes from the time of a couples marriage. Documents which pertain to events prior to their marriage should be filed in the folders of their parents, such as birth certificates and family census records. Surname and Record Type Method First, sort your files by surname, and then create manila folders for each of the record types for which you have paperwork by putting a colored label on the file folder tab, matching the label color to the surname. On each label, write the name of the surname, followed by the record type. Example: CRISP: Census, CRISP: Land Records. Then place these manila family folders in the hanging folders for the appropriate surname and color, arranged in alphabetical order by the type of record. In the front of each manila folder, create and attach a table of contents that indexes the contents of the folder. Then add all documents and notes which correspond to the surname and type of record.

Market Analysis for Skating Service Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Analysis for Skating Service Park - Essay Example The first problem is to conduct the research so that we can get as much of information as we could, we should do park intercepts and we can ask people numerous of questions regarding their outing, we can also find young boys and girls and also men aging from 10 to 35 in so many places such as markets, malls, and also the other skate board parks in Houston which are nearly thirty, we can provide them with questionnaires and ask their advice on their level of liking or disliking the idea of a new park. The research should be conducted through a proper questionnaire and the target audience or the respondents should be majority of males looking young and energetic and also people who are quite fit because the service would be used mostly by people who are fit, for the purpose of conducing research the best possible solution is to look for people in the near by parks such as parks in Bellaire and other areas, the other places would be malls and entertainment places such as game zones, and also the people on road skating can be questioned, the service is having few qualities and strengths that should be clearly mentioned in the questionnaire and also the questionnaire should not be prepared in a way that can give the audience a hint for the desired answer, there are also few things that should be noted without questioning them in the question paper such as the gender and area where the research is conducted or park name can also be used to identify the responses from people of that pa rticular park, it has been said by Bassett in 1992, "Service must be found at or near the customer. Decentralization is indispensable. Corner grocery stores, once a feature of every city, are returning in the form of "convenience" stores. Personal Service from hairdressers or barbers has always been dispersed into local neighborhoods"(p. 28). and also the ratio of research from male to female should be 70 to 30 respectively, because we have more to find out in the male users which are far more than female in the service offered. Questionnaire What's your age group a. 8 - 14 b. 15 - 21 c. 22 - 28 d. 29 - 35 Do you like skating a. Yes b. No (proceed if Yes) Where do you like to skate a. Parks b. Roads c. other Which is your current park for skating _____________ Which area can you reach easily for skating ____________ What do you think about the services the park (for skating) is providing you a. Excellent

Answer this question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer this question - Assignment Example Those who earned more contributed more and hence will receive more. Those in the public sector either rely on their pensions or the 403(b) which is available for the church ministers, certain tax-exempt organizations as well as public school employees. The retirement money is provided through an insurance company, invested in mutual funds or a retirement account set up. The public employees’ retirement system is common in the state of Nebraska making it stand out from the other states such as Kansas as the retired public employees live comfortably on their retirement savings plan paid monthly (Fenge, De Menil and Pestieau 172). Americans have moved from the corporate sponsored retirement plan where the corporates were offering pensions. With the increase of people in this sector, the plan was simply too much to sustain and the employers moved towards the defined benefit (DB). The DB plan is sponsored by the employer in addition to employee contributions. The money is then pooled together with the available funding from government and other sponsors of the plan. Employees under this plan are therefore able to receive certain benefits based on their number of years in service as well as their average salary. The DB plan can also offer payment monthly for as long as the annuitants live instead of a lump-sum distribution option (Slesnick and Suttle, 115). There is also the retirement plan of defined contribution pension plan (DC) which works similarly like a regular insurance. The employer specifies the amount of money needed for the plan to be contributed on a regular basis. The money in invested and the performance of the investment over time as well as amount contributed will determine how much they will get in their retirement funds. Even though the plan provides more flexibility in payment, the investment risks are shouldered by the employee (Slesnick and Suttle,